Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

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ment of agro-biodiverse smallholder farming systems. There is scope for wider networking and collaboration on development of Indifallow technologies in the sub-regions in Africa. Acknowledgements This research was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation through a grant to the senior author under the African Careers Award (ACA) Programme. We thank Dr Stephen Waddington, coordinator of the Soil Fertility Network for Maize-Based Cropping Systems in Southern Africa (SoilFertNet) for support and encouragement in the development of this paper. References Anderson, LP., Brinn, P.J., Moyo, M. and Nyamwanza, B. 1993. Physical Resource Inventory of the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe - An Overview. NRI Bulletin 60. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. 186 pp. Breman, H. 1998. Soil fertility improvement in Africa, a tool for or a by-product of sustainable production? African Fertilizer lvIarket 11:2-10. Carter, S.E., Chidiamassamba, A., Jeranyama, P., Mafugidze, B., Maleleka, G.P., Mvena, Z., Mudhara, M., Nabane, N., van Oosterhout, S.A.M., Price, L., Sithole, N. and Dhalimi, R 1993. Soil fertility management in Mutoko Communal ArPa, Zimbamue. Report of a field exercise, August 12 - September 3 1992. TSBF, Nairobi, Kenya. 75 pp. Cook. c.c. and M. Grut. 1989. Agroforestry In Sub Saharan Africa: A Farmer's Perspective. World Bank Technical Paper No. 112, Washington D.C., USA. 94 pp. Giller K.E. and Cadisch, G. 1995. Future benefits from biological nitrogen fixation: An ecological approach to agriculture. Plant and Soil 174:255-277. Giller, K.E. 2001. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems. 2nd ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 458 pp. Giller, K.E. and Wilson, K.J. 1991. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 313 pp. Grant, P.M. 1981. The fertilization of sandy soils in peasant agriculture. Zimbamue Agricultural Journal 78:169-175. Kwesiga, F., and Coe, R 1994. The effect of short rotation Sesbania sesban planted fallows on maize yields. Forest Ecology and Management 64:199-208. Mapfumo, P. and Giller, K.E. 2001. Soil Fertility Management Strategies and Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Areas of Zimbamue. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) with permission from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 60 pp. Mapfumo, P. Giller, K.E. Mpepereki S. and Mafongoya, P.L. 1999b. Dinitrogen fixation by pigeonpea of different maturity types on granitic sandy soils in Zimbabwe. Symbiosis 27:305-318. Mugwira, L.M. and Murwira, H.K. 1997. Use ofCattle lvIanure to Improve Soil Fertility in Zimbamue: Past and Current Research and Future Research Needs. Network Working Paper No. 2. Soil Fertility Network for Maize-Based Cropping Systems in Zimbabwe and Malawi. CIMMYT, Harare, Zimbabwe. 33 pp. Quinones, A.M., Borlaug, N.E. and Dowswell, C.R 1997. A fertilizer-based green revolution for Africa. In: Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa. RJ. Buresh and P.A. Sanchez (Eds.). SSSA Special Publication 51. SSSA, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 81-96. Scoones, L, Chibudu, c., Chikura, S., Jeranyama, P., Machaka, D., Machanja, W., Mavedzenge, B., Mombeshora, B., Mudhara, M., Mudziwo, c., Murimbarimba, F. and Zirereza, B. 1996. Hazards and Opportunities.' Farming Livelihoods in Drylanil Africa: Lessons from Zimbamue. Zed Books Ltd, London and New Jersey, in association with International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK. 267 pp. Snapp, S.5., Mafongoya, P.L. and Waddington, S. 1998. Organic rna tter technologies for integra ted nutrient management in smallholder cropping systems of southern Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 71:185-200. Waddington, S.R, Murwira, H.K., Kurnwenda, J.D. T. Hikwa, D. and Tagwira, F. (Eds.). 1998. Soil Fertility Research for Maize-Based Farming Systems in Malawi and Zimbamue; Soil Fert Net and CIM MYT-Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. 312 pp. 74 Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa
Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATION PIGEON PEA IN MATABElElAND BONGANI NeuBE, TAFADZWA MANJALA and STEVE TWOMLOW feR/SA T-Bu/awayo, P. O. Box 776, Bu/awayo, Zimbabwe Pigeonpea is a new crop fer the semi-arid tropics of Zimbabwe that offers substantial benefits to rural households. These benefits include soil fertility enhancement, improved household nutrition and income diversification. To identify adaptable varieties for farmers, ICRISAT-Bulawayo conducted screening trials for 10 short duration determinate and 12 short duration indeterminate pigeonpea varieties on heavy clay (Matopos site) and sandy (Lucydale site) soils during the 2001/2002 rainy season at Matopos Research Station. At each site, pigeonpea varieties were planted in a randomized block design with three replicates. The crops were planted on 10 (Matopos) and 11 (Lucydale) December 2001. Agronomic data included date of planting and emergence, days to 50% flowering and maturity, plant height, grain yield and woody biomass yield. Total rainfall for the season (October 2001 to June 2002) was close to the long-term average, with 537 mrr. at the Matopos site and 427 mm at Lucydale. However, it was poorly distributed, and crops effectively received 124 mm at Matopos and 133 mm at Lucydale from the date they were planted until harvest. Generally, varieties planted on the clay outperformed those planted on the sand because of a more favorable soil water balance. Determinate pigeonpea planted at Matopos flowered and matured earlier and on average yielded more grain compared to the crop at Lucydale. The earliest maturing determinate varieties on both soils (average 114.5 days on sand) were ICPL 86012 and ICPL 87105. However, the grain yield for these two varieties (744 kg/ha and 841 kg/ha respectively) was lower than the highest yielding determinate varieties, ICEAP 00781 (1058 kg/haY, ICEAP 00535 (902 kg/luz) and ICEAP 00536 (849 kg/ha), which matl/red at about 116 days. The earliest maturing indeterminate varieties for both soils were ICPL87091 (114 days) and ICEAP00718 (140 days). For the indeterminate types, earliness was associated with highest grain yield ICPL87091 (829 kg/ha), ICEAP 00721 (682 kg/ha) and ICEAP 00718 (641 kg/ha), but these were much lower yields than from the best performing determinate varieties. Key words: Short duration pigeonpea, early maturity, high grain yield, screening, benefits Introduction and Background Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a multipurpose drought tolerant grain legume crop (Kimani et al., 1994) that offers substantial benefits to many smallholder farming systems that dominate the semi-arid tropics (SAT) of Africa and Asia. These benefits include improved household nutrition, fodder and browse, soil fertility enhancement, and income diversification (Holden, 1993; Karachi and Zengo, 1998; Mapfumo et ai, 1998). Over the last 30 years, the area cultivated to pigeonpea has increased substantially, as have the countries that now produce it. Traditionally, pigeonpea production in the semi-arid tropics was principally confined to the Indian subcontinent. However, over the last 25 years the efforts of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRlSAT) and oLher organizations have ensured that the crop is now widely grown in the SAT of Asia, Africa and the Caribbean under a wide variety of cropping systems (Kollipara et ai, 1994). In Africa, considerable amounts of pigeonpea are produced in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia, with varieties such as ICP 9145 having been cultivated in Malawi since 1987 (Reddy et ai, 1993). Pigeon pea is also an important grain legume crop for smallholder farmers in Tanzania (Mligo et ai, 2001). Despite the increased cultivated area in many countries of sub Saharan Africa, few studies have been done on the adaptability of pigeonpea in Zimbabwe, through efforts by the Department of Research and Specialist Services in the late 1980s. Those that have been done were confined to the higher rainfall areas of the country. Dzowela et al (1995, 1997) carried out trials on pigeonpea to establish its potential as livestock fodder in Domboshava and Makoholi Zimbabwe whilst Mapfumo et al (1998) investigated the potential contribution of pigeonpea to soil fertility in Domboshava and Murewa communal lands during the 1996/97 cropping season. Consequently, ICRISAT-Bulawayo conducted screening trials for 10 short duration determinate and 12 short duration indeterminate pigeon pea varieties on heavy clay (Matopos) and sandy (Lucydale) 'Soils during the Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa 75
Page 2 and 3:
Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
Page 4 and 5:
Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
Page 6 and 7:
Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
Page 9:
INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
Page 12 and 13:
Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
Page 14 and 15:
100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
Page 16 and 17:
- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
Page 18 and 19:
Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
Page 20 and 21:
Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
Page 23 and 24:
LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
Page 25 and 26:
to the system in such a way that th
Page 27:
Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
Page 30 and 31:
ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
Page 32 and 33: people/km2), land holdings are smal
Page 34 and 35: ments. It would help researchers to
Page 36 and 37: Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
Page 39: Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
Page 42 and 43: Historical Perspective on Soyabean
Page 44 and 45: ganic amendment for resource-poor f
Page 46 and 47: MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
Page 48 and 49: deal of research work has been bias
Page 50 and 51: 1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
Page 52 and 53: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Page 54 and 55: Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
Page 56 and 57: Materials and Methods The trial was
Page 58 and 59: 0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
Page 60 and 61: Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
Page 62 and 63: Materials and Methods Persistence o
Page 64 and 65: content resulted in increased rhizo
Page 66 and 67: (Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
Page 68 and 69: Table 2. Average maize yield estima
Page 70 and 71: implied that most fanners prefer to
Page 73 and 74: ] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
Page 75 and 76: ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
Page 77 and 78: Materials and Methods The study use
Page 79 and 80: a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
Page 81: Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Characteristics of short d
Page 87 and 88: RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
Page 89 and 90: management technologies with differ
Page 91 and 92: Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
Page 93: Table 6. Risk diversification indic
Page 96 and 97: een renewed interest in green manur
Page 98 and 99: unfertilised maize crop of over 200
Page 101 and 102: Questions and Answers Screening of
Page 103 and 104: GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
Page 105 and 106: 7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
Page 107 and 108: Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
Page 109: Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
Page 112 and 113: amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
Page 114 and 115: It was proved that a mixed farming
Page 116 and 117: Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
Page 118 and 119: and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
Page 121 and 122: GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
Page 123 and 124: Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126: Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128: THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130: Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132: Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134:
few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135:
Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 138 and 139:
Materials and Methods On farm exper
Page 140 and 141:
18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
Page 143 and 144:
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
Page 145 and 146:
.. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
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Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
Page 150 and 151:
times with regionally specific adap
Page 152 and 153:
ter content at 180 cm was still wel
Page 154 and 155:
to amount of biomass, quality of bi
Page 156 and 157:
with the natural fallow, which did
Page 158 and 159:
and K to maize as an equivalent amo
Page 160 and 161:
forts to understand the mechanisms
Page 162 and 163:
gen recovery rates in relation to p
Page 164 and 165:
The first steps to improve soil fer
Page 167 and 168:
Questions and Answers .Identificat
Page 169 and 170:
MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
Page 171:
Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
Page 174 and 175:
~e decomposition of legume residues
Page 176 and 177:
Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
Page 178 and 179:
available nutrients and vice versa,
Page 180 and 181:
Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
Page 182 and 183:
Specific objectives were to: • Te
Page 184 and 185:
'"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
Page 187 and 188:
EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
Page 189:
it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
Page 193 and 194:
PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
Page 195:
Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
Page 198 and 199:
Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
Page 200 and 201:
3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
Page 202 and 203:
above-ground biomass was not transl
Page 204 and 205:
3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
Page 206 and 207:
Most interventions involving green
Page 208 and 209:
~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
Page 210 and 211:
stover N, followed by after pigeon
Page 212 and 213:
tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
Page 214 and 215:
1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
Page 216 and 217:
The significant soybean yield could
Page 218 and 219:
twice the yield is necessary. We ha
Page 220 and 221:
Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
Page 222 and 223:
Recommendations and Conclusion In v
Page 224 and 225:
performance of private sector compa
Page 226 and 227:
the investment costs incurred. The
Page 228 and 229:
Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
Page 231 and 232:
A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
Page 233 and 234:
Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
Page 235 and 236:
Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
Page 237 and 238:
3. If households are linked to prod
Page 239 and 240:
Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
Page 241 and 242:
ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
Page 243:
Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
Page 246 and 247:
To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
Page 248 and 249:
• Assessment of the potential ben
Page 250 and 251:
few studies characterized the house
Page 252 and 253:
• Conduct more research to measur
Page 254:
Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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