Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

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The first steps to improve soil fertility management based on legumes has taken place through crop rotation studies with green manure cover crops including improved fallow (pigeon'p~a, lab-lab and cowpea) in Nhacoongo Research Station in lnhambane Province. The rotation system consists of three main components, namely pigeon pealcowpea intercrop (hot season), sole maize (cool season) and groundnutlcassava intercrop (in the following hot season. Methodology Site Description Inharrime district, located in the south of Inham bane Province, lies from latitude 24°10'30" and 24°37'30" South and longitude 34°30'00" - 35°25'00" East. It has 76,518 inhabitants relaying on subsis tence agriculture. According to the Thornthwaite-modified classifica tion (Reddy, 1986), the climate is wet semi-arid (Table 1). The rainfall is irregular and erratic due to occurrence of low-pressure centers. There are two growing seasons (Table 1). Inharrime is located along the coastal zone. Most of the soils are sandy loams except the low plateau, then the middle and the high plateau. The dominant soils are arenosols (Table I), used for most of the crop production. Locally there are fluvisols and soils with hydromorphic properties. Material and Methods The experiments were planted in lnharrime district (after having carried out previous studies at the re search station of Nhacoongo) on five smallhold farmers in the areas surrounding the research sta tion. In consultation with local farmers, the criteria were based on farmer's availability and int~rest, particularly the ones cultivating the legumes. At the trial s,ites, soil samples taken for chemical character istics and texture determination showed nutrient deficiencies (Table 2). Table 1. Experimental site details location Inharrime district Altitude 43 mabove sea level Average 'annual rainfall 800·1000 mm Annual mean temperature 23·26°C Potential evapotranspiration 1275mm Growth period 130·139 days Main crop season September·March ~ Crop season April to September Dominant soils Sandy soils Research station soils Sandy soils Farmers fields soils Sandy soils Table 2. Soil analysis results of sandy soils from a representative sample of the smallholders farmer'S field areas Farm Ca Mg K Na Bas8$ pH in P % % H2O Olsen Organic Total Matter ' N 0.40 0.18 0.08 0.00 0.70 6.1 1.49 0.6 0.06 2 1.11 0.25 0.08 0.06 1.50 5.8 1.08 0.5 0.09 3 0.79 0.30 0.16 0.04 1.30 5.9 1.76 0.6 0.07 4 0.69 0.22 0.12 0.04 1.10 6.0 1.35 0.5 0.07 5 0.10 0.34 0.02 0.02 0.50 ' 5,5 1.22 0.5 0.07 The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with each site being one replicate (equivalent to 1 farmer) with three treatments involving maize \Z~'.;' mays), cassava (Maninhot esculenta) and legumes such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Maize and cassava spacing was 0.80"0.40 mana 1"1 m respectively, 0.40"0.40m for pigeonpea , 0.80"0.80m for cowpea and 0,30"0.25 for groundnut. The plot area covered 25 m 2 and the ~otal area was 100m 2 , Other inputs i..cluded nitrogen from the legumes and the crop residues. The experimental treatments were intercrop legumes, cassava and maize in rotation as follows: Tl. Maize+Cowpea +Groundnut in the wet season followed by maize in the dry season (this in one year). T2. Cowpea + Pigeonpea in the wet season and sole maize in the dry season. T3; Cassava+Cowpea and Groundnut, lasting in the field with cassava until the end of the dry season. This represents the normal farmer cropping system. 40 kglha of P 20s was applied in all treatments since the sandy soils are highly phosphorus deficient, expecting that the Nitrogen input would corne from the legumes . . Results and Discussion Ants destroyed groundnut because of late sowing and the dry season maize was not sown because of drought (long dry spell in the beginning of the season). With little rain, cowpea did produce some but very low yields. As it has been postulated by Parsons and Howe, 1984 in Giller and Wilson (1991), this grain legume has the ability to maintain lower osmotic potential in it's leaves under water stress conditions. The best performer among legumes was pigeonpea that resisted the environmental stress (rain, temperatures, low fertility). 156 Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa
TlIJil 3. Means ilf legume grain Results were not consisyields (kg/hal tent because of the adr---~--------------~ TreatlThlllt Cowpea Pigeon pea verse environmental. l' 390 conditions. Very low 2 495 720 yields of all involved 3 250 crops were obtained (Table 3). Legumes are affected in several ways under such water deficiency conditions. Survival or rate of growth of microorganisms or other processes such as plant infection or nodule development may be affected, as may the fixation of N2 (Giller and Wilson 1991). Furthermore, their survival is improved by the presence of clay particles and organic matter in soils at high temperatures, as happens in sandy soils. However despite all this, farmers did want to continue with the experiment in the following season asking for a reformulation, that is, focusing the rotation on maize and legumes excluding cassava. Soil chemical analyses (Table 2) showed severe nutrient deficiencies, including nitrogen deficiency. This showed a need to include a basal fertilization with this element in the following seasons and not only phosphorus, aiming to guarantee the initial plant growth. Measures on soil nutrient status and organic matter shall be done during the experiment implementation, to verify effects of the new technologies on management of sandy soil. References Westering, R.M. 1997. Evaluation of length of growing period and crop growing possibilities in Mozambique. Nota tecnica no 76-INIA/DTA. Reddy, S.J. 1986. Agro-climate of Mozambique as relevant to dry land agriculture. Comunica~ao no 47 INIA/DTA. Carta Nacional de Solos (escala 1: 1.000.000), 1995. INIA-DTA-Comunica~ao N° 73. INIA- DTA 1996. Resultados da avalia~ao generalizada para as para as culturas de milho, mapira e mexoeira. Pililao, F. 1974-1987. Evolu~ao da toponomia e da divisao territorial. Giller; K.E. and K.J. Wilson, 1991. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems, CABI International, Wallingford, UK. Grlin Legumes and Green Manures for SOil Fertility in Southern Africa 157
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Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
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Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
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Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
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INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
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Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
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100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
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- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
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Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
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Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
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LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
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to the system in such a way that th
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Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
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ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
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people/km2), land holdings are smal
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ments. It would help researchers to
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Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
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Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
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Historical Perspective on Soyabean
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ganic amendment for resource-poor f
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MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
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deal of research work has been bias
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1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
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Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
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Materials and Methods The trial was
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0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
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Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
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Materials and Methods Persistence o
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content resulted in increased rhizo
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(Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
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Table 2. Average maize yield estima
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implied that most fanners prefer to
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] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
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ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
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Materials and Methods The study use
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a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
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Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
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Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
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Table 2. Characteristics of short d
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RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
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management technologies with differ
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Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
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Table 6. Risk diversification indic
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een renewed interest in green manur
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unfertilised maize crop of over 200
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Questions and Answers Screening of
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GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
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7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
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Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
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Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
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amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
Page 114 and 115: It was proved that a mixed farming
Page 116 and 117: Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
Page 118 and 119: and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
Page 121 and 122: GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
Page 123 and 124: Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126: Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128: THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130: Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132: Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134: few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135: Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 138 and 139: Materials and Methods On farm exper
Page 140 and 141: 18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
Page 143 and 144: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
Page 145 and 146: .. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
Page 147: Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
Page 150 and 151: times with regionally specific adap
Page 152 and 153: ter content at 180 cm was still wel
Page 154 and 155: to amount of biomass, quality of bi
Page 156 and 157: with the natural fallow, which did
Page 158 and 159: and K to maize as an equivalent amo
Page 160 and 161: forts to understand the mechanisms
Page 162 and 163: gen recovery rates in relation to p
Page 167 and 168: Questions and Answers .Identificat
Page 169 and 170: MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
Page 171: Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
Page 174 and 175: ~e decomposition of legume residues
Page 176 and 177: Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
Page 178 and 179: available nutrients and vice versa,
Page 180 and 181: Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
Page 182 and 183: Specific objectives were to: • Te
Page 184 and 185: '"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
Page 187 and 188: EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
Page 189: it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
Page 193 and 194: PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
Page 195: Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
Page 198 and 199: Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
Page 200 and 201: 3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
Page 202 and 203: above-ground biomass was not transl
Page 204 and 205: 3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
Page 206 and 207: Most interventions involving green
Page 208 and 209: ~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
Page 210 and 211: stover N, followed by after pigeon
Page 212 and 213: tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
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1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
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The significant soybean yield could
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twice the yield is necessary. We ha
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Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
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Recommendations and Conclusion In v
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performance of private sector compa
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the investment costs incurred. The
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Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
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A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
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Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
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Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
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3. If households are linked to prod
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Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
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ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
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Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
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To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
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• Assessment of the potential ben
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few studies characterized the house
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• Conduct more research to measur
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Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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