Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

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pressed growth of most crops. The observations made in the 2001/02 season however indicate that moisture is essential for legume growth. Legume biomass yields increase with increase in clay content, pH and soil fertility in gener,al. There are interactions of the different soil characteristics such as soil moisture, clay content, soil pH, and soil fertility on legume biomass production. There is therefore, a need to explore the effects of the interactions of tlie different soil characteristics on legume establishment, growth and biomass yield. Green manure legumes outyield grain legumes and all legumes require some soil moisture to produce meaningful biomass yields that can impact on soil fertility improvement. More data analysis is required to discriminate the importance of the various parameters measured. A spatial analysis of the data could help in drawing up recommendation domains for the various legumes. Acknowledgements This work was supported by IFAO through a grant to TSBF-CIAT. References Gilbert, R.A. 1998. Undersowing green manures for soil fertility enhancement in the maize-based cropping systems of Malawi. In: S.R. Waddington, H.K. Murwira, JD.T. Kumwenda, O. Hikwa ar:td F. Tagwira (eds), Soil Fertility Research for Maize Based Farming Systems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Soil Fert Net and CIMMYT-Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. pp 73-80. Giller, KE. 2002. Targeting management of organic resources and mineral fertilizers: Can we match scientists' fantasies with farmers' realities? In: B. Vanlauwe, N. Sanginga, S. J. Oiels and R. Merckx (eds), Integrated Plant Nutrient Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. pp 155-172. Giller, K.E. and K.J. Wilson. 1991. Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 313 pp. Hikwa, 0, M. Murata, F. Tagwira, C. Chiduza, H. Murwira, L. Muza and S. Waddington. 1998. Performance of green manurE legumes on exhausted soils in northern Zimbabwe: A soil fertility network trial. In: S.R. Waddington, H.K. Murwira, JD.T. Kumwenda, O. Hikwa and F. Tagwira (eds), Soil Fertility Research for Maize Based Farming Systems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Soil Fert Net and CIMMYT-Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. pp 81-84. Ojiem, J.O., J.K. Ransom, a.M. Odongo and 'E.A. Okwuosa. 1999. Agronomic and chemical characterization of potential green manure species in Western Kenya. In: Maize Production Technology for the Future, Proceedings of the Sixth Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference, 21 -25 September 1~98, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, CIMMYT Maize Program and Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization. pp 210-213. Mapfumo, P., B.M. Campbell, S. Mpepereki and P. Mafongoya. 2001: Legumes in soil fertility management: The case of pigeonpea in the smallholder farming systems of Zimbabwe. African Crop Science Journal 9(4):629-644. Muza, Land P. Mapfumo. 1999. Constraints and opportunities for legumes in the fertility enhancement of sandy soils in Zimbabwe. In: Maize Production Technology for the Future, Proceedings of the Sixth Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference, 21 -25 September 1998, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, CIMMYT Maize Program and Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization. pp 214-217. Nyakanda, c., I.K Mariga, B.H. Ozowela and H.K. Murwira. 1997. Biomass production and maize yield under tree-based improved fallow of Sesbania and Pigeon pea. In: S.R. Waddington, H.K Murwira, JD.T. Kumwenda, O. Hikwa and F. Tagwira (eds), Soil Fertility Research for Maize Based Farming Systems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Soil Fert Net and CIMMYT-Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. pp 115-119. Saka, A.R., JoO.T. Kumwenda, A.G. Allison, J.B. Kamangira and W.T. Bunderson. 1998. Integrating pigeon peas into smallholder farming systems to improve soil fertility and crop yields in Malawi. In: Maize Product-ion Technology for the Future, Proceedings of the Sixth Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference, 21 -25 September 1998, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, CIMMYT Maize Program and, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization. pp 218-222. Schulz, S., R.J. Carsky and S.A. Tarawali. 2001. Herbaceous legumes: The panacea for West African soil fertility problems? SSSA Special Publication No. 58, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 179-195. [ Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa 133
Page 2 and 3:
Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
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Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
Page 6 and 7:
Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
Page 9:
INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
Page 12 and 13:
Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
Page 14 and 15:
100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
Page 16 and 17:
- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
Page 18 and 19:
Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
Page 20 and 21:
Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
Page 23 and 24:
LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
Page 25 and 26:
to the system in such a way that th
Page 27:
Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
Page 30 and 31:
ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
Page 32 and 33:
people/km2), land holdings are smal
Page 34 and 35:
ments. It would help researchers to
Page 36 and 37:
Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
Page 39:
Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
Page 42 and 43:
Historical Perspective on Soyabean
Page 44 and 45:
ganic amendment for resource-poor f
Page 46 and 47:
MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
Page 48 and 49:
deal of research work has been bias
Page 50 and 51:
1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
Page 52 and 53:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Page 54 and 55:
Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
Page 56 and 57:
Materials and Methods The trial was
Page 58 and 59:
0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
Page 60 and 61:
Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
Page 62 and 63:
Materials and Methods Persistence o
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content resulted in increased rhizo
Page 66 and 67:
(Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
Page 68 and 69:
Table 2. Average maize yield estima
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implied that most fanners prefer to
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] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
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ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
Page 77 and 78:
Materials and Methods The study use
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a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
Page 81 and 82:
Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
Page 83 and 84:
Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Characteristics of short d
Page 87 and 88:
RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
Page 89 and 90: management technologies with differ
Page 91 and 92: Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
Page 93: Table 6. Risk diversification indic
Page 96 and 97: een renewed interest in green manur
Page 98 and 99: unfertilised maize crop of over 200
Page 101 and 102: Questions and Answers Screening of
Page 103 and 104: GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
Page 105 and 106: 7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
Page 107 and 108: Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
Page 109: Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
Page 112 and 113: amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
Page 114 and 115: It was proved that a mixed farming
Page 116 and 117: Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
Page 118 and 119: and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
Page 121 and 122: GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
Page 123 and 124: Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126: Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128: THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130: Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132: Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134: few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135: Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 138 and 139: Materials and Methods On farm exper
Page 143 and 144: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
Page 145 and 146: .. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
Page 147: Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
Page 150 and 151: times with regionally specific adap
Page 152 and 153: ter content at 180 cm was still wel
Page 154 and 155: to amount of biomass, quality of bi
Page 156 and 157: with the natural fallow, which did
Page 158 and 159: and K to maize as an equivalent amo
Page 160 and 161: forts to understand the mechanisms
Page 162 and 163: gen recovery rates in relation to p
Page 164 and 165: The first steps to improve soil fer
Page 167 and 168: Questions and Answers .Identificat
Page 169 and 170: MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
Page 171: Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
Page 174 and 175: ~e decomposition of legume residues
Page 176 and 177: Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
Page 178 and 179: available nutrients and vice versa,
Page 180 and 181: Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
Page 182 and 183: Specific objectives were to: • Te
Page 184 and 185: '"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
Page 187 and 188: EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
Page 189: it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
Page 193 and 194:
PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
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Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
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Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
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3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
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above-ground biomass was not transl
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3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
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Most interventions involving green
Page 208 and 209:
~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
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stover N, followed by after pigeon
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tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
Page 214 and 215:
1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
Page 216 and 217:
The significant soybean yield could
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twice the yield is necessary. We ha
Page 220 and 221:
Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
Page 222 and 223:
Recommendations and Conclusion In v
Page 224 and 225:
performance of private sector compa
Page 226 and 227:
the investment costs incurred. The
Page 228 and 229:
Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
Page 231 and 232:
A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
Page 233 and 234:
Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
Page 235 and 236:
Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
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3. If households are linked to prod
Page 239 and 240:
Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
Page 241 and 242:
ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
Page 243:
Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
Page 246 and 247:
To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
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• Assessment of the potential ben
Page 250 and 251:
few studies characterized the house
Page 252 and 253:
• Conduct more research to measur
Page 254:
Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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