Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

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Table 4. Risk diversification indices of alternative maize and s~ghum soil fertility management technologies for male·headed households. Gwanda. Tsholotsho and Zimuto. 1990/91·2000/01 Activity Gwanda ,.shelotsho Zimuto Sorghwn+ kraal manure ·4.00 ·2.30 Sorghum +groundnut intercrop ·0.92 ·1.10 Sorghwn +cowpea intercrop ·0.91 ·0.40 Sorghum +18N ·0.69 ·0.55 Sorgum +pit manure ·0.67 ·0.52 Sorghum+9N ·0.53 ·0.31 Sorghum +kraal manure +18N ·0.41 ·0.31 Sorghum +cowpea rotation ·0.37 0.09 Sorghum +kraal +9N ·0.36 ·0.26 Sorghum +groundnut rotation ·0.25 ·0.21 Maize +cowpea intercrop ·0.14 ·0.23 0.14 Maize+18N ·0.13 0.02 0.13 Maize +groundnut intercrop ·0.09 .·0.33 0.09 Maize +pit manure 0.02 0.28 ·0.02 Maize +kraal +9N 0.04 0.29 ·0.04 maize+kraal+ 18N 0.09 0.34 ·0.09 Maize +cowpea rotation 0.09 0.55 ·0.09 Maize +kraal manure 0.16 0.27 ·0.16 Maize +groundnut rotation 0.24 0.26 ·0.24 Maize+9N 0.31 0.53 ·0.31 Maize +long pigeonpea intercrop 0.56 0.19 0.14 maize +medium pigeonpea intercrop 0.61 0.53 0.13 POSB savings account 0.65 0.74 0.80 Maize +long pigeonpea rotation 0.89 0.74 ·0.02 Maize +medium pigeonpea rotation 1.13 0.95 ·0.04 Urban labor market 7.96 7.57 7.80 Conclusion and Recommendations The paper evaluates the attractiveness of alternative soil fertility management technologies for adoption by farm households with varying resources, and risk preferences. Results indicate that maize-cowpea and maize-groundnut rotations and maize-pigeon pea intercrops and rotations are good investment opportunties for diversification with traditional maize and sorghum soil-mining practices currently being pursued by the majority of farm households. Consequently, these legume-based soil fertility Table 5. Risk diversification indices of alternative maize and sorghum soil fertility management technologies for de facto female·headed households. Gwanda. Tsholotsho and Zimuto. 1990/91·2000/01 Activity Gwanda Tsholotsho Zimuto Sorghum+ kraal manure ·3.64 ·1.52 Sorghum+ groundnut intercrop ·0.84 ·1.20 Sorghum +cowpea intercrop ·0.81 ·0.62 Sorgum +pit manure ·0.60 ·0.48 Sorghum +18N ·0.58 ·0.82 Maize +cowpea intercrop ·0.44 ·0.76 ·0.38 Sorgbum +cowpea rotation ·0.35 ·0.16 Maize +groundnut intercrop ·0.33 ·0.72 ·2.51 Sorghum +groundnut rotation ·0.32 ·0-'5 Sorghum+9N ·0.31 ·0.39 Sorghum +kraal manure+ 18N ·0.30 ·0.55 Sorghum +kraal +9~ ·0.28 ·0.72 Maize+18N ·0.26 ·0.60 ·0.18 Maize +pit manure ·0.09 ·0.25 ·0.10 Maize +kraal +9N ·0.05 ·0.19 ·0.03 ma.ize +kraal +18N ·0.03 ·0.18 0.05 Maize +cowpea rotation ·0.03 ·0.03 ·0.28 Maize+kraal manure 0.01 ·0.24 ·0.12 Maize +groundnut rotalion 0.08 ·0.13 ·1.14 Maize+9N 0.24 0.05 0.16 Maize+ long'pigeon pea intercrop 0.49 0.52 ·0.01 POSB savings account 0.. 50 0.30 ·0.22 maize +medium pigeonpea intercrop 0.53 0.20 0.68 Maize +long pigeonpea rotation 0.80 0.45 1.18 Maize +medium pigeon pea rotation 0.99 0.76 1.34 Urban labor market 8.13 7.42 8.14 The risk analysis presented in this paper is a first cu~ to evaluate technologies that merit further study. In addition to meeting requirements for risk and return, new technologies must fit with the re source boUndaries of farmers and management capabilities. Mathematical optimization provides tools for a more detailed analysis of the benefits and adoption potential of the technologies under the se vere resource and institutional constraints faced by households in semi-arid areas. production technologies are likely to be adopted by farmers. Significant gains can also result from diversification into non-farm assets such as POSB savings accounts and urban employment. However, more detailed analysis using mathematical programming is needed to evaluate the· feasibilibity and sensitivity of options to changes in environmental factors. Reference Moss B.C., Weldon N.R. and Feartherstone A.M., 1991. A simple approach to evalauting risk diversification opportunties. Journal of American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisors 55:20-24. 84 Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa
Table 6. Risk diversification indices of alternative maize and sorghum soil fertility management technologies for de jure female· headed households, Gwanda, Tsholotsho and Zimuto, 1990/91· 2000/01 Activity Sorghum +kraal manure Sorghum +groundnut intercrop Maize +cowpea intercrop Sorghum +cowpea intercrop Sorghum +18N Sorgum +pit manure Sorghum +kraal +9N Maize +groundnut intercrop Sorghum+9N Sorghum +kraal manure +18N Sorghum +groundnut rotation Maize+ 18N Sorghum +cowpea rotation Maize +kraal manure Maize +pit manure Maize+kraal+9N maize +kraal +18N Maize +groundnut rotation Maize +cowpea rotation Maize+9N POSB savings account Maize+long pigeonpea intercrop maize +medium pigeonpea intercrop Maize +long pigeonpea rotation Maize+medium pigeonpea rotation Urban labor market Gwanda ·3.55 ·0.79 ·0.58 ·0.54 ·0.49 ·0.44 ·0.33 ·0.23 ·0.22 ·0.20 ·0.17 ·0.11 ·0.07 ·0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.25 0.30 0.43 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.83 1.08 4.02 Tsholotsho ·1.81 ·0.82 ·0.70 ·0.35 ·0.59 ·0.55 0.01 ·0.78 ·0.22 ·0.38 ·0.21 ·0.68 0.06 ·0.60 ·0.44 ·0.39 ·0.31 0.02 0.34 ·0.20 0.72 0.24 0.52 0.83 0.89 8.17 Zimuto ·0.61 ·3.11 0.54 0.44 0.51 0.65 0.78 ·0.81 ·0.13 0.88 0.27 0.51 0.70 1.04 1.09 6.98 Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa 85
Page 2 and 3:
Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
Page 4 and 5:
Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
Page 6 and 7:
Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
Page 9:
INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
Page 12 and 13:
Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
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100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
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- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
Page 18 and 19:
Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
Page 20 and 21:
Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
Page 23 and 24:
LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
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to the system in such a way that th
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Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
Page 30 and 31:
ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
Page 32 and 33:
people/km2), land holdings are smal
Page 34 and 35:
ments. It would help researchers to
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Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
Page 39:
Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
Page 42 and 43: Historical Perspective on Soyabean
Page 44 and 45: ganic amendment for resource-poor f
Page 46 and 47: MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
Page 48 and 49: deal of research work has been bias
Page 50 and 51: 1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
Page 52 and 53: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Page 54 and 55: Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
Page 56 and 57: Materials and Methods The trial was
Page 58 and 59: 0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
Page 60 and 61: Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
Page 62 and 63: Materials and Methods Persistence o
Page 64 and 65: content resulted in increased rhizo
Page 66 and 67: (Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
Page 68 and 69: Table 2. Average maize yield estima
Page 70 and 71: implied that most fanners prefer to
Page 73 and 74: ] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
Page 75 and 76: ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
Page 77 and 78: Materials and Methods The study use
Page 79 and 80: a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
Page 83 and 84: Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Characteristics of short d
Page 87 and 88: RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
Page 89 and 90: management technologies with differ
Page 91: Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
Page 96 and 97: een renewed interest in green manur
Page 98 and 99: unfertilised maize crop of over 200
Page 101 and 102: Questions and Answers Screening of
Page 103 and 104: GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
Page 105 and 106: 7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
Page 107 and 108: Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
Page 109: Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
Page 112 and 113: amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
Page 114 and 115: It was proved that a mixed farming
Page 116 and 117: Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
Page 118 and 119: and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
Page 121 and 122: GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
Page 123 and 124: Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126: Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128: THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130: Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132: Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134: few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135: Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 138 and 139: Materials and Methods On farm exper
Page 140 and 141: 18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
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.. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
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Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
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times with regionally specific adap
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ter content at 180 cm was still wel
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to amount of biomass, quality of bi
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with the natural fallow, which did
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and K to maize as an equivalent amo
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forts to understand the mechanisms
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gen recovery rates in relation to p
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The first steps to improve soil fer
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Questions and Answers .Identificat
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MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
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Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
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~e decomposition of legume residues
Page 176 and 177:
Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
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available nutrients and vice versa,
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Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
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Specific objectives were to: • Te
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'"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
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EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
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it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
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PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
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Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
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Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
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3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
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above-ground biomass was not transl
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3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
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Most interventions involving green
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~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
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stover N, followed by after pigeon
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tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
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1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
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The significant soybean yield could
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twice the yield is necessary. We ha
Page 220 and 221:
Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
Page 222 and 223:
Recommendations and Conclusion In v
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performance of private sector compa
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the investment costs incurred. The
Page 228 and 229:
Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
Page 231 and 232:
A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
Page 233 and 234:
Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
Page 235 and 236:
Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
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3. If households are linked to prod
Page 239 and 240:
Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
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ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
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Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
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To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
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• Assessment of the potential ben
Page 250 and 251:
few studies characterized the house
Page 252 and 253:
• Conduct more research to measur
Page 254:
Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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