Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

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Table 3. Effect of forage legumes on soil organic carbon content (%) at Wedza and Buhera Treatments Soil organic carbon content (%) Natural Region II Natural Region IH Natural Region IV Maize 0.47 0.38 0.24 Maize/Cowpea 0.50 0.36 0.38 Maize/velvet bean 0.52 0.28 0.40 Maize/Lablab 0.41 0.37 0.25 Cowpea 0.43 0.28 0.67 Velvet bean 0.39 0.30 0.29 Lablab 0.56 0.31 0.42 Ley 0.48 0.51 0.28 Mean 0.47 0.35 0.35 LSD (P < 0.05) n.s n.s ns n.s. - no significant differences among treatments. yield benefits. Monocropping of maize promotes unsustainable crop yields as revealed by lower maize yields. Ley gave significant residual N benefits especially in lower rainfall zones. Sole cropping and intercropping had similar effects on soil organic C build up. Residual soil P differed significantly between treatments in the higher rainfall region and seemed to depend on the demand of the crop combinations previously grown. Acknowledgements The authors are very grateful to the Biotechnology Trust of Zimbabwe (BTZ) for funding the research work upon which this paper is based on. There is also need to mention the co-operation of SPRL technical and field staff for the fieldwork a!1d soil analysis. We also acknowledge the efforts of extension officers and farmers in the participating wards. References Alemseged, Y.B., King, G.W., Coppock, V.L. and Tothill, J.e. 1991. Maize-legume intercropping in a Semi-Arid area of Sidamo Region, Ethiopia: Maize Response. pp. 77-84. Chalk, P. M. 1996. Nitrogen transfer from legumes to cereals in intercropping. In: Ito, 0:, Johansen, e., Adu-Gyamfi, J. J., Katayama, K., Kumar Rao, J. V. D. K. and Tego, T. J. (eds.). Dynamics ofRoots and Nitrogen in Cropping Systems of the Semi-arid Tropics. ICRISATIJIRCAS, Hyderabad, India. pp. 351-374. Dzowela, B.H. 1987. Maize stover improvement with legume forages. In: Kategile, J.A., Said, A. N. and Dzowela B.H. (eds.), Animal Feed Resources for Small-scale Livestock Producers. Proceedings of the second P ANESA workshop held at ILARD, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya. 11-15 November 1985. IDRC Manuscript Report. pp. 174 181. Table 4. Effect of forage legumes on available soil P205 content at Wedza and Buhera sites Treatments Available soil Pcontent (ppm) Natural Region II Natural Region III Natural Region IV Maize 7.13 9.14 8.30 Maize/cowpea 23.9 19.6 10.9 Maize/velvet bean 6.21 12.2 9.38 Maize/lablab 7.20 13.3 9.38 Cowpea 12.8 9.14 8.29 Velvetbean 20.3 21.2 11.1 Lablab 8.51 13.6 8.94 Ley 9.16 , 16.0 14.0 Mean 11.9 14.3 10.0 LSD (P < 0.05) ns ns n.s. - no sigmficant difference among treatments. Gryseels, G. and Anderson, F.M. 1983. Research on farm and livestock productivity in the central Ethiopia highlands: Initial results, ILCA Research Report No.4. Manyawu, G.J. 1994. Agronomic evaluation of Lablab purpureus accessions intercropped with maize (Zea mays) for grain and forage production. Department of Research and Specialist Services, Division of Livestock and Pasture, Zimbabwe. Annual Report. Mukurumbira, L. M. 1985. Effects of rate of fertilizer nitrogen and previous grain legume on maize yields. Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal 82: 177-179. Natarajan, M and Shumba, E.M ., 1989. Intercropping Research in Zimbabwe: Current status and outlook for the future. In: Proceedings of a Workshop on Research Methods for Cereal- Legume intercropping in Eastern and Southern Africa, Lilongwe, 23-27 January 1989. CIMMYT and Southern Africa on-farm Research Network. Report No. 17: 190-193. Peoples, M. B. and Herridge, D. F. 1990. Nitrogen fixation by legumes in tropical and sub- tropical agriculture. Advances in Agronomy 44: 155-223. Piha, M. 1995. Soil Fertility Handbook. Department of Soil and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe. 93 pp. Scoones, I. 1994. Living with uncertainty. New directions in Pastoral development in Africa. pp. 116-121. Skerman, P.I.; Cameron, D.G. and Riveros, F. 1988. Tropical Forage Legumes, F.A.o. Plant Production and Protection Series, No.2, F.A.O. of United Nations, Rome, Italy. Wanatabe, F. S. and Olsen, S. R. 1965. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Proc. 29: 677-678. 168 Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africe
TIME OF INCORPORATION OF DIFFERENT LEGUMES AFFECTS SOIL MOISTURE AND YIELDS OF THE FOLLOWING CROP IN MAIZE BASED SYSTEMS OF ZIMBABWE BONAVENTURE KAYII\JAMURA, HERBERT K. MURWIRA and PAULINE P. CHIVENGE Abstract TSBF-CIA T, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 228, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zim.babwe This study reports on an evaluation of the performance of different legumes and their time of inc0T]2oration into soil on maize yields in Murewa and Shurugwi communal areas of Zimbabwe. Five legumes, Crotalaria grahamian a, Crotalaria juncea (sunnhemp), Mucuna pruriens, Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea IT18) and Glycine max (Magoye) were planted in the 2000/01 season followed by maize in the 200l/02 season. The plots were subdivided into two, with legume incorporation at flowering in one sub-plot while legumes in the other plot were incorporated at the onset of the following season. Mucuna gave the highest biomass yields (4800 kg ha- l ) in Murewa while Crotalaria grahamiana had the highest yields (7500 kg ha- l ) in Shurugwi. Higher maize yields were obtained following incorporation of Crotalaria grahamiana (2900 kg ha- l ) than Mucuna (2300 kg ha- l ) in Murewa. However Mucuna pruriens had produced higher biomass in the previous season. Similar results were obtained in Shurugwi where Crotalaria grahamiana gave higher maize yields (1800 kg ha- l ) than Mucuna pruriens (1400 kg ha- l ) . Generally, the early-incorporated legume plots gave higher maize yields in the second season than the late incorporated crop, although they were not statistically different. At the onset of the second season, soil was sampled from the different plots to analyze for moisture content. Mucuna pruriens was shown to conserve higher amounts of mJisture than the other legumes, while late incorporated legumes had higher soil moisture content than early-incorporated legumes. It was concluded that Mucuna pruriens and Crotalaria grahamiana are potential best-bet legumes in the communal areas of Zimbabwe and in cases where labour is a constraint, farmers could incorporate their legumes late. Key words: Crotalaria grahamiana, Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna pruriens, Vigna unguic.ulata, Glycine max, incorporation time Introduction Declining soil fertility has undermined crop production in Zimbabwe smallholder farming systems. With the scarcity and ever-increasing prices of inorganic fertilizers, there has been a need to depend more on natural processes such as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in crop production systems. Soil improving herbaceous legumes have potential to improve soil fertility in various parts of the world (Fujita et al., 1992), and can be used as green manure and cover crops in areas of different agroecological cha~acteristics. Green manures have the potential to accumulate up to 250 kg N ha- 1 per year (Giller and 'Nilson, 1991), and result in subsequent cereal yield increases of 600 to 4100 kg ha- J (Peoples and Herridge, 1990). Evaluation of plants for soil fertility improvement remains a priority in this scenario to get the best plant species that are suitable for a particular area. Some plants have already been identified as best bets for green manuring in different situations (Buresh et al., 1993). Proper management of plant residues for nutrient supply requires quantitative knowledge on its nutrient release characteristics. The use efficiency of the nutrients released by' green manure remains a critical point in soil fertility management. Soil water dynamics and nutrient management are the main factors to consider to achieve sustainable integrated cropping systems in a semi-arid environment (Biederbeck and Bouman, 1994). Incorporated organic materials have several functions in the soil other than supplying nutrients. They improve soil aggregation (Elliot and Papendick, 1986), reduce erosion (Young, 1989) and conserve moisture. The organic residues from green manure help to stabilize the soil structure, increase water-holding capacity of the soil, and increase the infiltration of moisture into the soil and percolation through the soil. Applying crop residues also leads to significant N and water interactions (Bolton, 1981). Improvement in scarce available water usually triggers an improvement in the use efficiency of scarce Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa 169
Page 2 and 3:
Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
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Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
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Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
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INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
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Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
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100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
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- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
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Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
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Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
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LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
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to the system in such a way that th
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Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
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ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
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people/km2), land holdings are smal
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ments. It would help researchers to
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Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
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Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
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Historical Perspective on Soyabean
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ganic amendment for resource-poor f
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MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
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deal of research work has been bias
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1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
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Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
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Materials and Methods The trial was
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0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
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Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
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Materials and Methods Persistence o
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content resulted in increased rhizo
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(Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
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Table 2. Average maize yield estima
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implied that most fanners prefer to
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] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
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ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
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Materials and Methods The study use
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a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
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Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
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Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
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Table 2. Characteristics of short d
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RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
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management technologies with differ
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Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
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Table 6. Risk diversification indic
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een renewed interest in green manur
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unfertilised maize crop of over 200
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Questions and Answers Screening of
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GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
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7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
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Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
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Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
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amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
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It was proved that a mixed farming
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Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
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and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
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GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
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Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126: Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128: THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130: Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132: Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134: few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135: Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 138 and 139: Materials and Methods On farm exper
Page 140 and 141: 18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
Page 143 and 144: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
Page 145 and 146: .. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
Page 147: Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
Page 150 and 151: times with regionally specific adap
Page 152 and 153: ter content at 180 cm was still wel
Page 154 and 155: to amount of biomass, quality of bi
Page 156 and 157: with the natural fallow, which did
Page 158 and 159: and K to maize as an equivalent amo
Page 160 and 161: forts to understand the mechanisms
Page 162 and 163: gen recovery rates in relation to p
Page 164 and 165: The first steps to improve soil fer
Page 167 and 168: Questions and Answers .Identificat
Page 169 and 170: MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
Page 171: Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
Page 174 and 175: ~e decomposition of legume residues
Page 178 and 179: available nutrients and vice versa,
Page 180 and 181: Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
Page 182 and 183: Specific objectives were to: • Te
Page 184 and 185: '"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
Page 187 and 188: EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
Page 189: it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
Page 193 and 194: PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
Page 195: Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
Page 198 and 199: Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
Page 200 and 201: 3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
Page 202 and 203: above-ground biomass was not transl
Page 204 and 205: 3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
Page 206 and 207: Most interventions involving green
Page 208 and 209: ~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
Page 210 and 211: stover N, followed by after pigeon
Page 212 and 213: tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
Page 214 and 215: 1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
Page 216 and 217: The significant soybean yield could
Page 218 and 219: twice the yield is necessary. We ha
Page 220 and 221: Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
Page 222 and 223: Recommendations and Conclusion In v
Page 224 and 225: performance of private sector compa
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the investment costs incurred. The
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Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
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A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
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Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
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Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
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3. If households are linked to prod
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Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
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ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
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Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
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To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
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• Assessment of the potential ben
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few studies characterized the house
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• Conduct more research to measur
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Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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