Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

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Results and Planning Workshop. Soil Fert Net and CIMMYf-Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. p.13-19. Gittinger, J.P, 1982. Economic Analysis ofAgricultural Projects. Second Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, USA. Kumwenda, JD.T., S.R. Waddington, S.s. Snapp, R. B. Jones, and M.J. Blackie, 1996. Soil fertility management research for the maize cropping systems of smallholders in southern Africa: A review. NRG Paper 96-02. Mexico, D.F.: CIM MYT.36p. Mabeza-Chimedza, R., 2000. Agricultural production and food security situation in southern Africa. IDEAA Working paper 1/2000, Harare, Zimbabwe. Matabwa, c.J., and J. Wendt, 1993. Soil fertility management: present knowledge and prospects. In: (Mintha Ii et al. eds) Proceedings Conference on Agricultural Researchfor Development. p. 107-123. Mekuria, M. and S.R. Waddington. 2002. Initiatives to encourage farmer adoption of soil fertility technologies for maize based cropping systems in Southern Africa. In: Barrett, C.B., F. Place and Aboud, A.A. (eds) Natural Resource Management in African Agriculture: Understanding and Improving Current Practices. CABI, in AssoCiation with the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Wallingford, UK. Muza, L. 2002. Green Manure Use in Zimbabwe. Unpublished Report, Department of Research and Specialist Services, Harare, Zimbabwe. . Mwangi, W., 1997. Low use of fertilizers and low productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 47:135-147. SADC- 2002. Early Warning System Food Security Bulletin, July 2002, Harare Zimbabwe. Sakala, W.O., JD.T. Kumwenda, Alex R. Saka and Vernon H. Kabambe 2001. The potential of green manures to increase soil fertility and maize yields in Malawi. Soil Fert Net Network Research Results Working Paper Number 7. Harare, Zimbabwe 8 p. Waddington, S. 2002. Personal communication, CIMMYT Zimbabwe. Appendix 1. On·Farm Trial Maize Yields (kg/ha) after mucuna in Zimbabwe and Malawi Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Zimbabwe: (1996/7) (1997/8) (1998/9) Maize after maize 225 454.7 260 Maize after mucuna 0 1400.3 2456 Malawi: Maize after maize 951.5 828 1075 Maize after mucuna 0 2178 1381 Appendix 2. Rates, Prices and Costs used in the cost benefit analysis (US$) Zimbabwe: Maize Grain price ($/kg) 4.5, 0.12 Mucuna labour (hrs) 107.2 Land prep cost ($) 900 23.7 Wage raie ($/hr) 6.75 0.18 Seed rate (Kg/ha) 80 Mucuna seed cos.ts ($/kg) 7 0.18 Malawi: Maize grain price (K/kg) 5 0.06 Mucuna seed cost (K/kg) 26 0.31 Wage rate (K/day) 26 0.31 Mucuna labour (labour days) 84 Mucuna seed rate (kg/ha) 80 Note in 1999 lUS$ -ZM$38 and lUS$ -MK84 220 Grain legumes and Green Manures for'Soil Fertility in Southern Africa
Appendix 3. Distribution Functions for uncertain Mucuna cost and benefit elements used in simulating NPV distributions for Zimbabwean and Malawian farmers Zimbabwe Malawi Parameter Distribution function Parameter Distribution funciion Benefits: Benefits: Year 1 maize yield increase (kg) Triang.(O 945 2500) Year 1 maize yield increase (kg) Triang.(O 13502500) Year 2 maize yield increase (kg) Triang.(O 2196 2500) Year 2 maize yield increase (kg) Triang.(O 305 2000) Discounting factor Triang.(O.5 0.666 1) Discounting.factor Triang.(0.5 0.746 1) Maize Grain price ($/kg) Triang.(3 4.5 10) Maize Grain price (K/kg) Triang.(3512) Costs: Mucuna labour (hrs) Triang.(105 107.18 110) Mucuna labour (days) Triang.(82 8486) land prep cost ($) Triang.(800 900 1500) Wage rate (K/day) Triang.(24 26 35) Wage rate ($/hr) Triang.(5 6.75 10) Seed rate (Kg/ha) Triang.(78 80 82) I Seed rate (Kg/ha) Triang.(78 80 82) Mucuna seed costs (K/kg) Triang.(20 27 30) I i Mucuna seed costs ($/kg) Triang.(5 79) Maize harvest forgone (kg) Triang.(800 951 .5 1500) Maize harvest forgone Triang.(300 3131000) Costs: Appendix 4. NPV Cumulative distribution curves in Zimbabwe and Malawi generated by @risk4.5 Prob. 0.6 10 15 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 ·2 8 10 12 14 Thousand ZM$ Non-fallowing farmers ZIMBABWE Fallowing farmers Prob. 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 o 0 ·5 20 ·10 .0 0 15 20 25 ThousandMK NPV NPV Fallowing farmers MALAWI Non-fallowing farmers Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa 221
Page 2 and 3:
Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
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Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
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Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
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INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
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Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
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100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
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- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
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Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
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Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
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LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
Page 25 and 26:
to the system in such a way that th
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Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
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ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
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people/km2), land holdings are smal
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ments. It would help researchers to
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Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
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Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
Page 42 and 43:
Historical Perspective on Soyabean
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ganic amendment for resource-poor f
Page 46 and 47:
MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
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deal of research work has been bias
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1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
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Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
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Materials and Methods The trial was
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0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
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Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
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Materials and Methods Persistence o
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content resulted in increased rhizo
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(Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
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Table 2. Average maize yield estima
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implied that most fanners prefer to
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] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
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ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
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Materials and Methods The study use
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a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
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Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
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Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
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Table 2. Characteristics of short d
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RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
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management technologies with differ
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Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
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Table 6. Risk diversification indic
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een renewed interest in green manur
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unfertilised maize crop of over 200
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Questions and Answers Screening of
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GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
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7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
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Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
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Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
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amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
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It was proved that a mixed farming
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Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
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and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
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GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
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Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
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Four rates of fertilizer N were app
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THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
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Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
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Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
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few of the farmers interviewed acqu
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Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
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Materials and Methods On farm exper
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18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
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.. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
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Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
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times with regionally specific adap
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ter content at 180 cm was still wel
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to amount of biomass, quality of bi
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with the natural fallow, which did
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and K to maize as an equivalent amo
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forts to understand the mechanisms
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gen recovery rates in relation to p
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The first steps to improve soil fer
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Questions and Answers .Identificat
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MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
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Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
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~e decomposition of legume residues
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Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
Page 178 and 179: available nutrients and vice versa,
Page 180 and 181: Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
Page 182 and 183: Specific objectives were to: • Te
Page 184 and 185: '"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
Page 187 and 188: EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
Page 189: it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
Page 193 and 194: PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
Page 195: Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
Page 198 and 199: Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
Page 200 and 201: 3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
Page 202 and 203: above-ground biomass was not transl
Page 204 and 205: 3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
Page 206 and 207: Most interventions involving green
Page 208 and 209: ~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
Page 210 and 211: stover N, followed by after pigeon
Page 212 and 213: tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
Page 214 and 215: 1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
Page 216 and 217: The significant soybean yield could
Page 218 and 219: twice the yield is necessary. We ha
Page 220 and 221: Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
Page 222 and 223: Recommendations and Conclusion In v
Page 224 and 225: performance of private sector compa
Page 226 and 227: the investment costs incurred. The
Page 231 and 232: A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
Page 233 and 234: Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
Page 235 and 236: Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
Page 237 and 238: 3. If households are linked to prod
Page 239 and 240: Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
Page 241 and 242: ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
Page 243: Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
Page 246 and 247: To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
Page 248 and 249: • Assessment of the potential ben
Page 250 and 251: few studies characterized the house
Page 252 and 253: • Conduct more research to measur
Page 254: Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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