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gen recovery rates in relation to pruning quality and method of application. Agroforestry Systems 35:47. Mafongoya P.L., Giller K.E. and ~alrn CA. 1998. Decomposition and nitrogen release patterns of tree prunings and litter. Agroforestry Systems 38:77 97. Mafongoya P.L., Barak P. and Reed J.D. 1999. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization from multipurpose tree leaves and manure from goats fed these leaves. Biology and Fertility of Soils. In press. Mafongoya, P.L., Barak, P. and Reed J.D. 2000. Car " bon, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization of tree leaves and manure. Biology and Fertility of Soils 30:298-305. Mapa, RB. and Gunasena, H.P.M. 1995. Effect of alley cropping on soil aggregate stability of a tropical Alfiso1. Agroforestry Systems 32:237-245. Maroko J.B., Buresh R.J. and Smithson P.C 1998. Soil nitrogen availability as affected by fallowmaize systems in two soils in Kenya. Biology and Fertility of Soils 26:229-234. Myers RJ.K., Palm CA, Cuevas E., Gunatilleke I.U. N. and Brossard M. 1994. The synchronization of nutrient mineralization and plant nutrient demand. In: Woomer PL 'and Swift MJ (eds.) The Biological Management of Soil Fertility, John Willey and Sons, Chichester, UK. pp. 81-116. Mutuo P.K., Mukalama J.P., Agunda J., Kobare S., Palm CA., Jama B., Kinyangi J., Amadola S. and Niang A. 2000. 00- farm testing of organic and inorganic phosphorous source on maize in Western Kenya. In: The Biology and Fertility of Tropical Soils:TSBF Report, 22 pp. Nyathi P. and Campbell B.M. 1993. The acquisition and use of miombo litter by small-scale farmers in Masvingo, Zimbabwe. ,Agroforestry . Systems 22:43-48. Nziguheba G., Palm CA., Buresh RJ. and Smithson P.C 1998. Soil phosphorus fractions and adsorption as affected by organic and inorganic sources. Plant and Soil 198:159-168. Nziguheba, G., Merckx, R and Palm, CA. 2002. Soil phosphorus dynamics and maize response to different rates of phosphorus fertilizer applied to an acrisol in western Kenya. Plant and Soil 243:1-10. Onim, J.F.M., Mathuva, M., Otieno, K. and Fitzhugh, H .A. 1990. Soil fertility chat.ges and response of maize and beans to green manures of leucaena, sesbania and pigeonpea. Agroforestry Systems 12:197-215. Palm, CA. 1995. Contribution of agroforestry trees to nutrient requirements of intercropped plants. Agroforestry Systems 30:105-124. Palm CA., Gachengo CN., Delve RJ., Cadisch G. and Giller K.E. 2001. Organic inputs for soil fertility management: some rules and tools. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 83:27-42. Rao, M.R, Nair, P.K.R and Ong, K. 1998. Biophysical interactions in tropical agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 38:3-49. Raussen, T., Daka, AE., and Bangwe, L. 1995. Dambas in Eastern Province: Their agroecology and use. Chipata: MAFF, DepaTtrnent of Agriculture. Sanchez, P.A 1994. Tropical soil fertility research, towards the second paradigm. Transactions 15 th World Congress of Soil Science (Acapulco, Mexico) 1: 65-88. Sanchez, P.A., Shepherd, J.D., Soule, M.J., Place, F. M., Buresh, RJ., Izac, AM.N., Mokwunye, AU., Kwesiga, F.R., Ndiritu, CG. and Woomer; P.L. 1997. Soils fertility replenishment in Africa: An investment in natural resource capital In: Buresh RJ, Sanchez PA and Calhoun F (eds) Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa, Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 51. SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI, USA. pp 1-46. Sanchez, P.A et a1. 1997. Soil fertility replenishment in Africa: an investment in natural resource capital. In: Buresh, R.J., Sanchez, P.A. and Calhoun, F. (Eds). Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa. SSSA, Wisconsin, USA Sanginga, N., Vanlauwe, B. and Danso, S.K.A. 1995. Management of biological N2-fixation in alley cropping systems: Estimation and contribution to N balance. Plant and Soil 174:119-141. Sanginga, N., Zapata, F., Danso, S.K.A. and Bowen, G.D. 1990. Effect of successive cuttings on up~ take and partitioning of nitrogen 15 among plant parts of Leucaena leucocephala. Biology and Fertility of Soils 9:37-42. Sileshi, G. and Mafongoya, P.L. 2002. Incidence of Mesoplatys ochroptera stal (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Sesbania sesban in pure and mixed species fallows in eastern Zambia. Agroforestry Systems I In press. Snapp, S.$., Mafongoya, P.L. and Waddington, S. 1998. Organic matter technologies for integrated nutrient management in smallholder cropping systems of southern Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 71:185-200. 154 Grain legull'K!s and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa
PIGEON PEA/COWPEA INTERCROP + MAIZE + CASSAVA ROTATIONS ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN THE SOUTHERN COASTAL AREA OF MOZAMBIQUE Abstract CANDIDA CUEMBELO INIA, Caixa Postal 3658, A v. Das FPLM, 2698, Mavalane, Maputo 8, Mozambique Low soil fertility is a limiting factor for agriculture production in Mozambique that is aggravated by unsustainable cropping systems used bysmallholding farmers. They practice rainfed low input agriculture on land areas that range from 0.5 to 4 hectares. This paper gives the background and brief information on results from a very initial set of on going on-farm rotation experiments on nutrient management carried out in Inharrime district within Inhambane province in southern Mozambique. The experiments are conducted on farmers' fields located in smallholder farming areas surrounding Nhacoongo Research Station and are based on legumes in rotation and intercropped with maize and cassava. Crop residue incorporation was considered part of the technology. Of the five sites (one farmer=one site), harvesting of cowpea took place in three sites only because of environmental stresses and yields were low.. Key words: Legume, maize, cassava, intercrop, rotation, lin farm experiment Introduction Low soil fertility is one of the most limiting factors for agricultural production in Mozambique, plus climatic irregularity and adversity and soil erosion, aggravated by unsustainable cropping systems used by small-holding· farmers. In general, the soils of' Mozambique are low to moderate fertility. Inadequate soil fertility is one of the major biophy,?ical constraints for crop production. Soil fertility de pletion is continuous due to nutrient losses caused by poor soil husbandry and extractive traditional methods of cultivation with no replacement of nu trients by smallholder farrriers. They practice rain fed agriculture in land areas that range from 0.5 to 4 hectares. On average, smallholder farmer maize yields are very low (about 200-400 kg/ha) and inorganic fertilizers are unaffordable, aggravated by constrained access to credit systems. In addition, Mozambique's agriculture production has been greatly affected by the civil war that ended in 1992 followed by adverse conditions such as droughts and floods resulting in a large food deficit. Thus, there is a need to increase crop production, particularly at the level of small farmers. Sustain able soil fertility management practices have to be developed, recommended and adopted if the objectives of food security and sustainable natural re source management are to be achieved. Inharrime district is located on soils that are representative of soils in the coastal belt where low fertility is the major constraint to crop yields. Sandy soilS are predominant that are characterized by low nu trient reserves, low organic matter content and low cation exchange capacity. Nhacoongo research sta tion is located within this district and it was the ideal place within Inhambane province for the experiment on rotations. In Mozambique, about 90 percent of food production is from Tainfed systems. The major food crops are maize, sorghum, millet, rice, cassava, bean and groundnut and other additional crops and fruit trees mostly intercropped. The major part of crop production is subsistence and low input/low out put in nature. Commercial farming contributes only about four percent of total production. The highest human population density of the agricultural re gions is in the coastal belt south of the river Save. There is no correlation, in the south, between population density and envirorunental conditions, particularly. climate and soils. However, there is a strong correlation between climate and crop distri bution. Cassava and maize are the basic staples of this area, and they are known to deplete soil nutrients. Mainly because of the environmental conditions, maize production has declined in some areas and cassava has expanded. For many areas, the introduction of new technologies for soil fertility im provement may reverse the situation. Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa 155
Page 2 and 3:
Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
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Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
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Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
Page 9:
INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
Page 12 and 13:
Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
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100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
Page 16 and 17:
- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
Page 18 and 19:
Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
Page 20 and 21:
Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
Page 23 and 24:
LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
Page 25 and 26:
to the system in such a way that th
Page 27:
Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
Page 30 and 31:
ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
Page 32 and 33:
people/km2), land holdings are smal
Page 34 and 35:
ments. It would help researchers to
Page 36 and 37:
Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
Page 39:
Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
Page 42 and 43:
Historical Perspective on Soyabean
Page 44 and 45:
ganic amendment for resource-poor f
Page 46 and 47:
MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
Page 48 and 49:
deal of research work has been bias
Page 50 and 51:
1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
Page 52 and 53:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Page 54 and 55:
Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
Page 56 and 57:
Materials and Methods The trial was
Page 58 and 59:
0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
Page 60 and 61:
Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
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Materials and Methods Persistence o
Page 64 and 65:
content resulted in increased rhizo
Page 66 and 67:
(Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
Page 68 and 69:
Table 2. Average maize yield estima
Page 70 and 71:
implied that most fanners prefer to
Page 73 and 74:
] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
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ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
Page 77 and 78:
Materials and Methods The study use
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a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
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Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
Page 83 and 84:
Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
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Table 2. Characteristics of short d
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RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
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management technologies with differ
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
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Table 6. Risk diversification indic
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een renewed interest in green manur
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unfertilised maize crop of over 200
Page 101 and 102:
Questions and Answers Screening of
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GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
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7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
Page 107 and 108:
Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
Page 109:
Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
Page 112 and 113: amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
Page 114 and 115: It was proved that a mixed farming
Page 116 and 117: Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
Page 118 and 119: and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
Page 121 and 122: GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
Page 123 and 124: Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126: Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128: THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130: Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132: Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134: few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135: Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 138 and 139: Materials and Methods On farm exper
Page 140 and 141: 18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
Page 143 and 144: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
Page 145 and 146: .. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
Page 147: Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
Page 150 and 151: times with regionally specific adap
Page 152 and 153: ter content at 180 cm was still wel
Page 154 and 155: to amount of biomass, quality of bi
Page 156 and 157: with the natural fallow, which did
Page 158 and 159: and K to maize as an equivalent amo
Page 160 and 161: forts to understand the mechanisms
Page 164 and 165: The first steps to improve soil fer
Page 167 and 168: Questions and Answers .Identificat
Page 169 and 170: MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
Page 171: Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
Page 174 and 175: ~e decomposition of legume residues
Page 176 and 177: Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
Page 178 and 179: available nutrients and vice versa,
Page 180 and 181: Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
Page 182 and 183: Specific objectives were to: • Te
Page 184 and 185: '"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
Page 187 and 188: EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
Page 189: it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
Page 193 and 194: PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
Page 195: Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
Page 198 and 199: Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
Page 200 and 201: 3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
Page 202 and 203: above-ground biomass was not transl
Page 204 and 205: 3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
Page 206 and 207: Most interventions involving green
Page 208 and 209: ~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
Page 210 and 211: stover N, followed by after pigeon
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tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
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1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
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The significant soybean yield could
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twice the yield is necessary. We ha
Page 220 and 221:
Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
Page 222 and 223:
Recommendations and Conclusion In v
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performance of private sector compa
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the investment costs incurred. The
Page 228 and 229:
Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
Page 231 and 232:
A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
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Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
Page 235 and 236:
Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOP
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3. If households are linked to prod
Page 239 and 240:
Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
Page 241 and 242:
ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
Page 243:
Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
Page 246 and 247:
To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
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• Assessment of the potential ben
Page 250 and 251:
few studies characterized the house
Page 252 and 253:
• Conduct more research to measur
Page 254:
Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
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