Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 4. Summary statistics for OlS Estimation for factors affecting groundnut productivity Variable Coefficient t·velue Significance - Constant ·28.458 ·1.014 0.313 Area under groundnut production 0.395 5.434 0.000 Selling price of groundnut 0.466 6.508 0.000 Amount of permanent labour to 0.162 2.332 0.022 work in fields Selling price of maize ·0.028 ·0.415 0.679 R·Square adjusted - 0.58 F- 34.82 Significance- 0.000 Source: Survey data Conclusion Consumption requirements of the household were shown to be the primary reason for producing legumes, followed by income and lastly soil fertility reasons. Farmers do not deliberately grow legumes for soil fertility improvement despite the fact that they are consciously aware of some soil fertility benefits from growing legumes. The potential for expanding legume production has not been realized due to a shortage of land resources and lack of knowledge, among other factors. Legume productivity was generally low in the area. Area under groundnut production, labour availability, and groundnut output prices are important factors affecting legume productivity in the smallholder farming systems. Cowpea, which is a multipurpose grain legume, was more attractive compared to green manures. This indicates that legumes with multiple uses have a higher adoption potential than' green manures. There is need for extension services, nongovernmental organizations and marketing agencies interested in the production of legumes to provide incentives and improve access to inputs (e. g. seed, fertilizers) to encourage farmers to increase land area under legume production. Benefits of legumes need to be explained to farmers, especially by health and community workers, as they can help contribute to fight against malnutrition reported in many communal areas of Zimbabwe. Increasing the availability of credit can enable farmers to purchase the needed inputs in legume production such as hiring labour and purchasing seeds. This could help relieve farmers from some major constraints such as labour shortages ' and so increase legume productivity that would benefit farmers through more consumption, farm incomes and soil fertility improvement through effective maize-legume rotations. References Hildebrand G.L. no date. The status of technologies used to achieve high groundnut yields in Zimbabwe, In: Achieving High Groundnut Yields: Proceedings of an International Workshop, 25-29 August, Laixi City, Shandong, China (Renard c., Gowda c.L.L., Nigam S.N., and Johansen C. eds). Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics. pp. 101-104. Mapfumo P., Campbell B.M., Mpepereki S. and Mafongoya P. 2001. Legumes in soil fertility management: The case of pigeon pea in smallholder farming systems of Zimbabwe: African Crop Science Journal 9 (4):629-644. Mazhangara E., Anandajayasekeram P., Mudhara M., Martella D. and Murata M. 1997. Impact assessment of groundnut research and the enabling environment in Zimbabwe: 1960-2000, SACCAR, Gaborone, Botswana. Morris RA. and Garrity D.P. 1993. Resource capture and utilization in intercropping: water. Field Crops Research 34:303-317. Mwenye D. and Kuwaza C. 2001. Chiota Soil Fertility Promotion Project, End of season report for the period 1999-2000. Agritex Marondera, Zimbabwe. Svubure 0., Mpepereki S., and Makonese F. 2000. Legume production and farmer awareness of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) technologies in Communal areas of Zimbabwe: Survey of Wedza and Buhera. Biotechnology: Vol. 4 No.5. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. Truskott K. 1985. Socio-economic factors related to food production and consumption: a case study of twelve households in Wedza communal land. Agritex, Harare, Zimbabwe. 226 Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa
Abstract LINKING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION WITH MARKET COMPETITIVENESS: PIGEONPEA IN THE SEMI-ARID AREAS OF'MALAWI AND TANZANIA JOSEPH RUSIKE, GABRIELE LO MONACO and GEOFF M. HEINRICH /eR/SAT, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776, Bu/awayo, Zimbabwe Legumes have long been grown in smallholder farming systems throughout Southern and Eastern Africa in intercrops and rotations with cereals. Legumes play an important role as food and cash crops, livestock feed, as a soil fertility amendment through biological Nrfixation (BNF) and for firewood, Because of recent increases in international and domestic prices of inorganic fertilizers, there has been more interest to expand legume plantings and management in smallholder areas especially in the semi-arid areas in order to provide a low-cost supply of nutrients, This paper uses the sub sector approach to explore two hypotheses, First that farmer uptake of pigeon pea-based technologies is driven by improvements in input and output markets. Second that linking technology development and uptake pathways with increasing competitiveness of pigeon pea products in international and domestic markets drives adoption of improved crop management practices, thereby enabling farmers to capture the potential soil fertility benefits of pigeonpea. The hypotheses are tested using farm survey and case study data from Malawi and Tan zania. The analysis shows that pigeonpea markets are now highly globalized and competitive. Pigeonpeas from Malawi and Tanzania are losing their competitiveness to pigeonpea from Myanmar and yellow pea substitutes from Canada and France. To increase the competitiveness of African pigeonpea and pull technologies through the system, crop variety improvement, choice of variety, seed distribution, production practices and more-efficient marketing arrangements need to be established targeting the needs and competitive patterns of specific identified markets. Key words: Pigeonpea-based technology, sub sector approach, competitiveness, uptake pathways, globalization Introduction Legumes have long been grown in smallholder farming systems throughout Southern and Eastern Africa in intercrops and rotations with cereals, Legumes play an important role as food and cash crops; they also provide livestock feed and firewood, and improve soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Despite these multiple benefits, most households only allocate between 10 and 30 percent of their total cropped area to legumes, mostly for subsistence food requirements (Rohrbach, 2001; Twomlow, 2001 ; Freeman, 2001; Semgal,2001), Farmers explain that legume cultivation is limited by seed and land shortages, lack of money to buy mputs, high labor requii-ements, lack of cash markets, pests and diseases, and low yields, Starting in the mid-1990s, prices of inorganic fertilizer escalated because national currencies depreciated and subsidies were removed under struchual adjustment programs. The escalation of inorganic fertilizer prices has forced farmers and scientists to look for cheaper substitutes, Researchers have hy" pothesized that because legumes provide a low-cost means of supplying N to the cropping system, increasing the area under legumes and improving legume residue management will enable smallholder farmers to reduce inorganic fertilizer use and still maintain soil fertility, Researchers have identified pigeonpea as the "best bet" legume for semi-arid areas because the crop has a deep root system that makes it drought tolerant. It mobilizes unavailable soil phosphorus; it has high nitrogen fixation; it adds organic residues through leaf fall; it recycles nutrients lost from the rooting zone; and .it is semi-perennial, which reduces yield and production risk (Nene, 1991; Singh, 1991), Research investments by national programs, ICRlSAT, and other CGIAR centers have resulted in the development and release of superior varieties and better crop management options, including intercropping combinations, plant spacing, patterns and dates of planting, fertilizer management, and control of weeds, pests and diseases (Silim, Johansen, and Chauhan, 1991; Silim, 1992; Soko et al 1995; Daudi andMakina, 1995; and Mbwaga, 1995), But adoption of these technologies remains limited, Surveys have shown that for farmers to adopt improved technologies and intensify legume production, collateral investments are needed to improve input and output markets, In addition, legume intensification needs to target poor households for food for home consumption and wealthier house- Grain legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in Southern Africa 227
Page 2 and 3:
Grain Legumes and Green Manures for
Page 4 and 5:
Acknowledgments • The Leopard Roc
Page 6 and 7:
Evall!ating mucuna green manure tec
Page 9:
INTRODUCTION AND CONFERENCE OBJECTI
Page 12 and 13:
Table 1. Paradigm shifts underlying
Page 14 and 15:
100 90 80 - - 0 - - Uptake by ihe m
Page 16 and 17:
- 6 ~ 9 8 7 0- 5 CḎ ns 4 0::: 3
Page 18 and 19:
Table 3. Millet grain and total dry
Page 20 and 21:
Dvorak KA 1996. Adoption potential
Page 23 and 24:
LEGUMES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IN SOUTH
Page 25 and 26:
to the system in such a way that th
Page 27:
Muetzelfeldt, R.1. 1995. A framewor
Page 30 and 31:
ing capacity. Legumes offer other b
Page 32 and 33:
people/km2), land holdings are smal
Page 34 and 35:
ments. It would help researchers to
Page 36 and 37:
Own livestock Gununo farmers for th
Page 39:
Questions and Answers ~ey Papers To
Page 42 and 43:
Historical Perspective on Soyabean
Page 44 and 45:
ganic amendment for resource-poor f
Page 46 and 47:
MPhil. Thesis. University of Zimbab
Page 48 and 49:
deal of research work has been bias
Page 50 and 51:
1600 '7 ns 1400 ~ 1200 Cl ~ 1000 "C
Page 52 and 53:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Page 54 and 55:
Boswell EP, Koide RT, Shumway DL, A
Page 56 and 57:
Materials and Methods The trial was
Page 58 and 59:
0.9 0.8 ~ 0.7 Rec '-' 0.6 Vl ::9 0.
Page 60 and 61:
Series no 5. Soil Science SOciety o
Page 62 and 63:
Materials and Methods Persistence o
Page 64 and 65:
content resulted in increased rhizo
Page 66 and 67:
(Mugwiia and Murwira, 1997). Howeve
Page 68 and 69:
Table 2. Average maize yield estima
Page 70 and 71:
implied that most fanners prefer to
Page 73 and 74:
] Questions and Answers Rhizobium,
Page 75 and 76:
ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO THE IMPRO
Page 77 and 78:
Materials and Methods The study use
Page 79 and 80:
a) Chikwaka b) Chinyika !21 C. absu
Page 81 and 82:
Table 3. N, P and Kconcentrations (
Page 83 and 84:
Abstract SCREENING OF SHORT DURATIO
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Characteristics of short d
Page 87 and 88:
RISK DIVERSIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES
Page 89 and 90:
management technologies with differ
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3. Expected annual returns (Z
Page 93:
Table 6. Risk diversification indic
Page 96 and 97:
een renewed interest in green manur
Page 98 and 99:
unfertilised maize crop of over 200
Page 101 and 102:
Questions and Answers Screening of
Page 103 and 104:
GREEN MANURE AND FOOD LEGUMES RESEA
Page 105 and 106:
7000 6000 ';' €.. 5000 .~MzSole :
Page 107 and 108:
Table 5. Maize grain yield (kg ha")
Page 109:
Phiri, A.D.K. 1999. Effects of Sesb
Page 112 and 113:
amount of roots with sl:nnhemp. It
Page 114 and 115:
It was proved that a mixed farming
Page 116 and 117:
Table 3. Above·ground biomass (t/h
Page 118 and 119:
and horticulture in Zimbabwe: Case
Page 121 and 122:
GRAIN LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURES IN
Page 123 and 124:
Results Table 1. Adaptation of gree
Page 125 and 126:
Four rates of fertilizer N were app
Page 127 and 128:
THE ROLE OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULA
Page 129 and 130:
Table 1. Non-legume cropping patter
Page 131 and 132:
Table 9. Common pests on cowpeas as
Page 133 and 134:
few of the farmers interviewed acqu
Page 135:
Murwira, H.K., M.J. Swift and P.G.H
Page 138 and 139:
Materials and Methods On farm exper
Page 140 and 141:
18000 1600) 14000 a) Zambia 12000 m
Page 143 and 144:
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GREEN MANURE LE
Page 145 and 146:
.. ~ Table 2. The effect of time o
Page 147:
Chivinge, O.A., E. Kasembe, and I.K
Page 150 and 151:
times with regionally specific adap
Page 152 and 153:
ter content at 180 cm was still wel
Page 154 and 155:
to amount of biomass, quality of bi
Page 156 and 157:
with the natural fallow, which did
Page 158 and 159:
and K to maize as an equivalent amo
Page 160 and 161:
forts to understand the mechanisms
Page 162 and 163:
gen recovery rates in relation to p
Page 164 and 165:
The first steps to improve soil fer
Page 167 and 168:
Questions and Answers .Identificat
Page 169 and 170:
MUCUNA - MAIZE ROTATIONS AND SHORT
Page 171:
Table 3. Percent nitrogen (% N) con
Page 174 and 175:
~e decomposition of legume residues
Page 176 and 177:
Table 3. Effect of forage legumes o
Page 178 and 179:
available nutrients and vice versa,
Page 180 and 181:
Conclusion and Recommendation Mucun
Page 182 and 183:
Specific objectives were to: • Te
Page 184 and 185: '"~ v '" ~ ~ 1400000 1200000 100000
Page 187 and 188: EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLICATION AND I
Page 189: it 4 a···· · ... - :.!! e.....
Page 193 and 194: PERFORMANCE OF GREEN MANURES AND GR
Page 195: Mungwi soil, cowpea and soyabean pr
Page 198 and 199: Among BNF systems, symbiotic system
Page 200 and 201: 3500 .f"'3000 ca ,c2500 CI "" - 200
Page 202 and 203: above-ground biomass was not transl
Page 204 and 205: 3000 "0 ]i >. ,5 ~ C> 800 600 400 2
Page 206 and 207: Most interventions involving green
Page 208 and 209: ~ ~~----.-~r-~-------------r~~ Aoo
Page 210 and 211: stover N, followed by after pigeon
Page 212 and 213: tems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Procee
Page 214 and 215: 1965). The tailings and AgLi were a
Page 216 and 217: The significant soybean yield could
Page 218 and 219: twice the yield is necessary. We ha
Page 220 and 221: Table 1. Maize and Grain Legumes Pr
Page 222 and 223: Recommendations and Conclusion In v
Page 224 and 225: performance of private sector compa
Page 226 and 227: the investment costs incurred. The
Page 228 and 229: Results and Planning Workshop. Soil
Page 231 and 232: A SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LEGUME
Page 233: Table 1. Gross margins from the dif
Page 237 and 238: 3. If households are linked to prod
Page 239 and 240: Table 9. Average Table 8. Pigeonpea
Page 241 and 242: ance of sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop
Page 243: Mligo, J.K., 1995. Pigeonpea breedi
Page 246 and 247: To Charles Nhemachena, et al. Q: 1)
Page 248 and 249: • Assessment of the potential ben
Page 250 and 251: few studies characterized the house
Page 252 and 253: • Conduct more research to measur
Page 254: Socio-Economics, Policy and Technol
show all

Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility in ... - cimmyt

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?