Principles of Modern Radar - Volume 2 1891121537

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Advanced Pulse CompressionWaveform Modulations andTechniquesByron Murray Keel, J. Mike BadenCHAPTER2✬Chapter Outline2.1 Introduction ..................................................................... 192.2 Stretch Processing.............................................................. 262.3 Stepped Chirp Waveforms ...................................................... 402.4 Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Waveforms .................................... 482.5 Stepped Frequency Waveforms . . ............................................... 582.6 Quadriphase Signals ............................................................ 702.7 Mismatched Filters.............................................................. 752.8 Further Reading................................................................. 812.9 References ....................................................................... 812.10 Problems ........................................................................ 84✫✩✪2.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter surveys some of the more advanced pulse compression (PC) waveform modulationsand techniques applied in modern radar systems, including stretch processing,stepped chirp waveforms, nonlinear frequency modulated (NLFM) waveforms, steppedfrequency (SF) waveforms, quadriphase codes, and mismatched filters (MMFs) appliedto phase codes. Fundamentals of phase and frequency modulated PC waveforms arecovered in [1].In high range resolution systems, the waveform’s instantaneous bandwidth placeschallenging requirements on the transmit/receive hardware and the signal processor.Stretch processing [2–6] is applied to a wideband linear frequency modulated (LFM)waveform to reduce the requirements levied on the analog-to-digital converter (ADC),data bus, and signal processor while maintaining the range resolution afforded by thetransmit bandwidth.Waveforms composed of narrowband pulses are used to accommodate bandwidth constraintsimposed by hardware or processing limitations; however, in these instantaneouslynarrowband systems, fine range resolution may be achieved through interpulse frequencymodulation. Waveforms exhibiting these properties include stepped chirp [7–15] and SF[16–18] waveforms.19
20 CHAPTER 2 Advanced Pulse Compression Waveform ModulationsLFM waveforms [1] exhibit unique properties that are advantageous in many systemsand applications; however, a shortcoming is high range sidelobes. Amplitude tapers areapplied to reduce the sidelobes at the expense of degraded resolution and a loss in a signalto-noiseratio (SNR). NLFM waveforms [19–26] achieve low-range sidelobes without theneed to apply an amplitude taper and without the corresponding loss in SNR.The spectrum of a phase-coded waveform composed of rectangular-shaped chipsexhibits significant energy outside the nominal waveform bandwidth [1]. The out-of-bandenergy is a source of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Quadriphase codes [27–31] aredesigned to reduce the spectral energy outside the passband while maintaining good rangesidelobe performance and a near constant envelope.A matched filter is commonly applied to a phase-coded waveform. The sidelobes ofthe range compressed response are thus governed by the code. However, in some cases, amismatched filter [32–35] is used to further reduce or shape the response.2.1.1 OrganizationThe chapter begins with an examination of stretch processing, which is used to reduce thesampling rate required in fine range resolution systems employing LFM waveforms. Thetechnique is examined in Section 2 as well as performance metrics including data rateand throughput, range resolution, range window extent, processing gain, range-Dopplercoupling, and sidelobes.In Section 3, the stepped chirp waveform is explored as an alternative wideband LFMwaveform with reduced transmit and receive intrapulse bandwidth requirements. The multiplepulse waveform and receiver architecture as well as techniques for stitching togetherthe composite waveform within the signal processor are described. The waveform is shownto achieve a range resolution commensurate with the composite waveform bandwidth.NLFM waveforms achieve low sidelobes via frequency modulation and avoid theSNR loss associated with applying an amplitude taper. Approaches for designing andsynthesizing NLFM waveforms are examined in Section 4. In addition, examples are usedto demonstrate achieved sidelobe performance and Doppler intolerance.Stepped frequency waveforms are presented in Section 5 as signals composed ofnarrowband pulses, each with a different transmit center frequency, that are combinedcoherently to achieve fine range resolution. Processing steps, achieved range resolution,and waveform trades are explored.Advanced phase code modulations and techniques are also examined. Quadriphaseencoding is presented in Section 6 as a transformation applied to a biphase code to reducethe waveform’s spectral sidebands while preserving its range sidelobe performance. Thelower sidebands reduce EMI. Mismatched filters are applied in Section 7 to reduce or tailorthe sidelobe response of a phase-coded waveform. Sidelobe performance, processing loss,and Doppler tolerance are investigated.2.1.2 Key PointsImportant concepts developed throughout the chapter are summarized as follows:• Stretch processing is a technique applied to a wideband LFM waveform to reduce therequired processing bandwidth while maintaining the range resolution afforded by thetransmit bandwidth.
Page 2: Principles of Modern Radar
Page 5 and 6: Published by SciTech Publishing, an
Page 8: Brief ContentsPreface xvPublisher A
Page 11 and 12: xContents3.6 Adaptive MIMO Radar 10
Page 13 and 14: xiiContents9.3 Adaptive Jammer Canc
Page 15 and 16: xivContents15.3 Multisensor Trackin
Page 17 and 18: xviPrefacehas always been the unlik
Page 19 and 20: Publisher AcknowledgmentsTechnical
Page 21 and 22: Editors and ContributorsVolume Edit
Page 23 and 24: xxiiEditors and ContributorsDr. Lis
Page 25 and 26: xxivEditors and ContributorsMr. Ara
Page 27 and 28: 2 CHAPTER 1 Overview: Advanced Tech
Page 30 and 31: 1.3 Radar and System Topologies 5FI
Page 32 and 33: 1.4 Topics in Advanced Techniques 7
Page 40 and 41: 1.6 References 15TABLE 1-1Summary o
Page 42: PART IWaveforms and SpectrumCHAPTER
Page 47 and 48: 22 CHAPTER 2 Advanced Pulse Compres
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2.5 Stepped Frequency Waveforms 69I
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72 CHAPTER 2 Advanced Pulse Compres
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76 CHAPTER 2 Advanced Pulse Compres
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2.9 References 812.7.4 SummaryWhile
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2.9 References 83[27] Taylor, Jr.,
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2.10 Problems 85shift across the pu
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88 CHAPTER 3 Optimal and Adaptive M
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3.2 Optimum MIMO Waveform Design fo
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3.4 Optimum MIMO Design for Target
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3.4 Optimum MIMO Design for Target
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3.5 Constrained Optimum MIMO Radar
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108 CHAPTER 3 Optimal and Adaptive
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3.6 Adaptive MIMO Radar 111SINR Los
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3.10 Problems 115[22] W. Y. Hsiang,
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3.10 Problems 1179. A constrained o
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120 CHAPTER 4 MIMO Radarperformance
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4.3 The MIMO Virtual Array 123separ
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4.4 MIMO Radar Signal Processing 12
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134 CHAPTER 4 MIMO RadarFIGURE 4-7T
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136 CHAPTER 4 MIMO Radar4.5.2 MIMO
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138 CHAPTER 4 MIMO Radarnamely, R
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140 CHAPTER 4 MIMO RadarTABLE 4-2 P
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142 CHAPTER 4 MIMO RadarSINR Loss (
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144 CHAPTER 4 MIMO Radar[10] H. V.
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Radar Applications of SparseReconst
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5.1 Introduction 149δ = M/N, the u
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152 CHAPTER 5 Radar Applications of
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5.2 CS Theory 163While the notion o
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5.2 CS Theory 165as , where is a b
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5.3 SR Algorithms 167than the norm
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5.3 SR Algorithms 169the value of o
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5.3 SR Algorithms 171takes special
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5.3 SR Algorithms 173The function f
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5.3 SR Algorithms 175of the TV norm
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5.3 SR Algorithms 177One can argue
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5.3 SR Algorithms 179probability ma
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5.3 SR Algorithms 181only a subset
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 183pr
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 185We
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 187th
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 189tu
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 191Ra
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 193Ta
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Spotlight SyntheticAperture RadarCH
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6.1 Introduction 213• Image quali
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6.2 Mathematical Background 215andf
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6.2 Mathematical Background 2172π
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220 CHAPTER 6 Spotlight Synthetic A
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6.4 Sampling Requirements and Resol
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6.4 Sampling Requirements and Resol
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6.5 Image Reconstruction 239FIGURE
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6.6 Image Metrics 241The contrast r
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6.6 Image Metrics 243Along-track am
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6.7 Phase Error Effects 245TABLE 6-
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260 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR3 m SAR O
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262 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR• RMA i
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264 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARH 0 (ω)
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268 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARTABLE 7-1
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274 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARFIGURE 7-
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276 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR−500Sce
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7.3 Doppler Beam Sharpening Extensi
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288 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARand in th
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7.4 Range-Doppler Algorithms 291to
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7.4 Range-Doppler Algorithms 293For
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296 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR−150Col
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300 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR33 cycles
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302 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARCrossrang
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304 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARfrom freq
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7.5 Range Migration Algorithm 307r,
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310 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARkx (rad/m
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316 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARThe diffe
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320 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARLet us re
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322 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARThe resul
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324 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARscene. Th
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326 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARdriven by
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328 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARTABLE 7-3
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330 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARFIGURE 7-
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332 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR7.10 REFE
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334 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR6. [MATLA
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Interferometric SAR andCoherent Exp
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8.1 Introduction 3398.1.1 Organizat
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8.1 Introduction 341Rsabnv rw x ,w
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8.2 Digital Terrain Models 343FIGUR
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8.3 Estimating Elevation Profiles U
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352 CHAPTER 8 Interferometric SAR a
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8.5 InSAR Processing Steps 365ξ ta
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8.5 InSAR Processing Steps 3670.1 0
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8.5 InSAR Processing Steps 373While
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8.6 Error Sources 375The second met
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8.6 Error Sources 377If sufficient
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Adaptive Digital BeamformingCHAPTER
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9.1 Introduction 403c k = clutter s
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408 CHAPTER 9 Adaptive Digital Beam
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9.2 Digital Beamforming Fundamental
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9.3 Adaptive Jammer Cancellation 42
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9.5 Wideband Cancellation 447FIGURE
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454 CHAPTER 10 Clutter Suppression
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10.2 Space-Time Signal Representati
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10.5 STAP Fundamentals 4810−5−1
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10.6 STAP Processing Architectures
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10.7 Other Considerations 4911 CPIM
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10.9 Summary 49310.7.3 Computationa
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10.10 References 495[12] Fenner, D.
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10.11 Problems 497the PSD in Figure
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11.2 Colored Space-Time Exploration
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11.2 Colored Space-Time Exploration
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506 CHAPTER 11 Space-Time Coding fo
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11.8 References 525Cost reduction o
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11.9 Problems 52711.9.2 Equivalence
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530 CHAPTER 12 Electronic Protectio
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12.2 Electronic Attack 535TABLE 12-
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12.2 Electronic Attack 541variation
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12.5 Antenna-Based EP 557are adjust
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12.6 Transmitter-Based EP 561polari
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12.11 Summary 583TABLE 12-4Summary
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12.14 Problems 585[9] Stimson, G.W.
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Introduction to RadarPolarimetryCHA
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13.1 Introduction 591and precipitat
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13.1 Introduction 593S: target scat
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13.2 Polarization 597After substitu
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13.2 Polarization 599zFIGURE 13-4Po
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13.3 Scattering Matrix 601left-hand
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604 CHAPTER 13 Introduction to Rada
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13.4 Radar Applications of Polarime
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13.4 Radar Applications of Polarime
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13.5 Measurement of the Scattering
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13.5 Measurement of the Scattering
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13.8 References 623• Lee, Jong-Se
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13.8 References 625[32] Kraus, J.D.
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13.9 Problems 627with the result in
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Automatic Target RecognitionCHAPTER
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14.2 Unified Framework for ATR 633P
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14.3 Metrics and Performance Predic
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14.3 Metrics and Performance Predic
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 639TA
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 641Te
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 645Un
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 649se
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 651th
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14.5 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Rad
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14.5 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Rad
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14.6 Passive Radar ATR 657radar sys
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14.7 High-Resolution Range Profiles
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14.9 Further Reading 661take a targ
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14.10 References 663[19] Q. H. Pham
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14.10 References 665[56] M. Martore
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14.10 References 667[92] E. Libby,
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Multitarget, MultisensorTrackingCHA
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15.1 Review Of Tracking Concepts 67
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15.1 Review Of Tracking Concepts 67
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678 CHAPTER 15 Multitarget, Multise
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15.2 Multitarget Tracking 683TABLE
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15.2 Multitarget Tracking 685remove
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15.5 Further Reading 69515.4 SUMMAR
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15.6 References 697[11] Blair, W.D.
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15.7 Problems 6992. Common metrics
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⎡⎤3 0 0 0 0 00 3 0 0 0 0P 2 =0
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Human Detection With Radar:Dismount
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environment that may mask the gener
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D s % = Boulic-Thalmann model param
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16.2 Characterizing the Human Radar
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714 CHAPTER 16 Human Detection With
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16.4 Technical Challenges in Human
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16.4 Technical Challenges in Human
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16.5 Exploiting Knowledge for Detec
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16.7 Further Reading 729enable not
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16.8 References 731[13] Broggi, A.,
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16.8 References 733[53] G.E. Smith,
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16.8 References 735Conference on So
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16.9 Problems 737FIGURE 16-13Pendul
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740 CHAPTER 17 Advanced Processing
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17.3 Direct Signal and Multipath/Cl
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17.3 Direct Signal and Multipath/Cl
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17.4 Signal Processing Techniques f
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17.5 2D-CCF Sidelobe Control 787TAB
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17.6 Multichannel Processing for De
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17.10 References 815While far from
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17.10 References 817[20] Chetty, K.
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17.11 Problems 819[52] Gao, Z., Tao
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17.11 Problems 8215. Using the sign
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824 Appendix A: Answers to Selected
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ResolutionResolution withDimension
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830 IndexASAR. See Advanced SAR (AS
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832 IndexCross-polarization (XPOL),
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834 IndexExciter-based EP (cont.)fr
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836 IndexInterferencecolored noise,
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838 IndexMoving target indication (
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840 IndexPOI. See Probability of in
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842 IndexSaturated (constant amplit
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844 IndexStripmap SAR (cont.)remote
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846 IndexWWald sequential test, com
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