Principles of Modern Radar - Volume 2 1891121537

Human Detection With Radar:Dismount DetectionCHAPTER16Sevgi Zübeyde Gürbüz✬Chapter Outline16.1 Introduction .................................................................. 70516.2 Characterizing the Human Radar Return ...................................... 71016.3 Spectrogram Analysis of Human Returns ..................................... 71916.4 Technical Challenges in Human Detection .................................... 72216.5 Exploiting Knowledge for Detection and Classification ........................ 72716.6 Summary..................................................................... 72916.7 Further Reading .............................................................. 72916.8 References ................................................................... 73016.9 Problems ..................................................................... 736✫✩✪16.1 INTRODUCTIONHuman detection, also known as pedestrian or dismount detection, has been accomplishedwith a variety of devices, including visual [1–5], acoustic [6,7], vibration/seismic [8–11],infrared [12–14], and laser [15] sensors in addition to radar. Many of these systems applysensor fusion techniques to combine the strengths of sensor modalities in a complementaryfashion. Examples include radar in conjunction with infrared sensors [14] or video cameras[16]. Although the augmentation of radar with other sensors may be useful in someapplications, the development of autonomous human detection capabilities for radar iscritical in many applications, especially those involving security and defense.Radar offers several unique advantages over other sensors, namely, the ability to operateremotely, far away from environments dangerous to operators, and in virtually allweather and lighting conditions. Through-the-wall radar can even provide the surveillanceof indoor environments from the outside of a structure. In contrast, visual, acoustic, infrared,and seismic sensors all require being placed in proximity to the target, without anyobstacles impeding the line of sight. Visual sensors can operate only during the daytime.Thus, radar remains the principal sensor of choice for many surveillance applicationsinvolving human detection.Over the years several platforms capable of performing human detection, in additionto detection of vehicles, have been developed. One of the older systems still in use by theU.S. Army is the AN/PPS-5 Ground Surveillance Radar, originally developed in 1966 bythe Eaton Corporation. It is a portable system operating in a band of 8.8–9 GHz, capable705