Principles of Modern Radar - Volume 2 1891121537

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Signal Analysis and ProcessingSelect Fourier Transforms and PropertiesContinuous Timex(t) X ( f ){A, − τ 2 ≤ t ≤ τ 20, otherwise{A cos(2π f 0 t), − τ 2 ≤ t ≤ τ 20, otherwise∞∑n=−∞δ D (t − nT)sin (π Bt)AB ≡ ABsinc (π Bt)π Btsin (π f τ)Aτ ≡ Aτsinc (π f τ)π f τAτ2 sinc[π( f − f 0)τ] + Aτ2 sinc[π ( f + f 0) τ]{∞∑k=−∞δ D ( f − k · PRF)A, − B 2 ≤ t ≤ B 20, otherwisex(t − t 0 ) e − j2π ft0 X ( f )e + j2π f0t x (t) X ( f − f 0 )Discrete Timex[n] X ( ˆf )Ae j2π ˆf0n , n = 0,...,N − 1 A 1 − e− j2π(ˆf − ˆf0)N∞∑n=−∞sin[ ]π ˆBnA ˆBπ ˆBn1 − e − j2π( ˆf − ˆf0) ≡ NAe− jπ(ˆf − ˆf0)(N−1) asinc( ˆf − ˆf 0 , N)Aδ[n − n 0 ] e − j2π ˆfn 0δ D (t − nT)∞∑k=−∞δ D ( f − k · PRF)[ ] { ∣ A, ˆf ∣ < ˆB≡ A ˆBsinc π ˆBn ˆB < ∣ ˆf ∣
ResolutionResolution withDimension Matched Filter CommentsRange (R)cτsimple pulse, length τ2carbitrary waveform, bandwidth B Hz2BRθ 3 real beam imagingCross-range(CR)λR= λR2vT a 2D SARλ2γsynthetic aperture imagingv = platform velocityT a = aperture timeD SAR = synthetic aperture sizesynthetic aperture imagingγ = integration angleSimplified Probability of Detection Estimates( )10.62P D =1 + e , A = ln ,−B P FANonfluctuating target,Noncoherent integration ofN samples(Albersheim’s equation)Swerling 1 Fluctuating Target,No Noncoherent IntegrationZ = SNR + 5 log 1dB 10 N , B = 10Z − A4.541.7 + 0.12A6.2 + √N + 0.44P D = (P FA )11+SNRMiscellaneous RelationsLinear ←→ dB Scale10000 40 dB1000 30 dB500 27 dB23 dB100 20 dBTable of ConstantsConstant Symbol ValueSpeed of light c 2.99792458×10 8 m/s≈ 3 × 10 8 m/sPermittivity of free space ε 0 8.85×10 −12 F/mPermeability of free space μ 0 4π × 10 −7 H/mImpedance of free space η 377 Boltzmann’s constant k 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K10 10 dB5 7 dB2 3 dB1 0 dB0.5 –3 dB0.2 –7 dB0.1 –10 dB0.01 –20 dB0.005 –23 dB0.002 –27 dB0.001 –30 dBSubset of AN Nomenclature Applicable to US Radar SystemsFirst Letter Second Letter Third Letter(Type of Installation) (Type of Equipment) (Purpose)A Piloted aircraft L Countermeasures D Direction finder, reconnaissance,or surveillanceF Fixed Ground P Radar G Fire control or searchlight directingM Ground, mobile (installed Y Signal/data processing K Computingas operating unit in a vehiclewhich has no function otherthan transporting the equipmentP Pack or portable (animal or man) N Navigational aids (including altimeter,beacons, compasses, racons, depthsounding, approach, and landing)S Water surface craft Q Special, or combination of purposesT Ground, transportable R Receiving, passive detectingU Ground utility S Detecting or range and bearing, searchV Ground, vehicular (installed in Y Surveillance (search, detect, andvehicle designed for functionsmultiple target tracking) andother than carrying electroniccontrol (both fire controlequipment, etc., such as tanksand air control)0.0001 –40 dBSupplements and errata available atwww.scitechpub.com/pomr2
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Principles of Modern Radar
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Published by SciTech Publishing, an
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Brief ContentsPreface xvPublisher A
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xContents3.6 Adaptive MIMO Radar 10
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xiiContents9.3 Adaptive Jammer Canc
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xivContents15.3 Multisensor Trackin
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xviPrefacehas always been the unlik
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Publisher AcknowledgmentsTechnical
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Editors and ContributorsVolume Edit
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xxiiEditors and ContributorsDr. Lis
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xxivEditors and ContributorsMr. Ara
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2 CHAPTER 1 Overview: Advanced Tech
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1.3 Radar and System Topologies 5FI
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1.4 Topics in Advanced Techniques 7
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1.6 References 15TABLE 1-1Summary o
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PART IWaveforms and SpectrumCHAPTER
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20 CHAPTER 2 Advanced Pulse Compres
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2.2 Stretch Processing 35is applied
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2.2 Stretch Processing 37TABLE 2-1
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2.5 Stepped Frequency Waveforms 61T
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2.5 Stepped Frequency Waveforms 63w
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2.5 Stepped Frequency Waveforms 69I
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2.9 References 812.7.4 SummaryWhile
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2.9 References 83[27] Taylor, Jr.,
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2.10 Problems 85shift across the pu
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88 CHAPTER 3 Optimal and Adaptive M
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3.2 Optimum MIMO Waveform Design fo
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3.4 Optimum MIMO Design for Target
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3.4 Optimum MIMO Design for Target
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3.5 Constrained Optimum MIMO Radar
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108 CHAPTER 3 Optimal and Adaptive
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3.6 Adaptive MIMO Radar 111SINR Los
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3.10 Problems 115[22] W. Y. Hsiang,
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3.10 Problems 1179. A constrained o
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120 CHAPTER 4 MIMO Radarperformance
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4.3 The MIMO Virtual Array 123separ
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4.4 MIMO Radar Signal Processing 12
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134 CHAPTER 4 MIMO RadarFIGURE 4-7T
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136 CHAPTER 4 MIMO Radar4.5.2 MIMO
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138 CHAPTER 4 MIMO Radarnamely, R
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140 CHAPTER 4 MIMO RadarTABLE 4-2 P
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142 CHAPTER 4 MIMO RadarSINR Loss (
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144 CHAPTER 4 MIMO Radar[10] H. V.
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Radar Applications of SparseReconst
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5.1 Introduction 149δ = M/N, the u
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152 CHAPTER 5 Radar Applications of
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5.2 CS Theory 163While the notion o
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5.2 CS Theory 165as , where is a b
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5.3 SR Algorithms 167than the norm
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5.3 SR Algorithms 169the value of o
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5.3 SR Algorithms 171takes special
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5.3 SR Algorithms 173The function f
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5.3 SR Algorithms 175of the TV norm
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5.3 SR Algorithms 177One can argue
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5.3 SR Algorithms 179probability ma
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5.3 SR Algorithms 181only a subset
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 183pr
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 185We
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 187th
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 189tu
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 191Ra
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5.4 Sample Radar Applications 193Ta
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Spotlight SyntheticAperture RadarCH
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6.1 Introduction 213• Image quali
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6.2 Mathematical Background 215andf
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6.2 Mathematical Background 2172π
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220 CHAPTER 6 Spotlight Synthetic A
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6.4 Sampling Requirements and Resol
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6.4 Sampling Requirements and Resol
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6.5 Image Reconstruction 239FIGURE
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6.6 Image Metrics 241The contrast r
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6.6 Image Metrics 243Along-track am
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6.7 Phase Error Effects 245TABLE 6-
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260 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR3 m SAR O
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262 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR• RMA i
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264 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARH 0 (ω)
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268 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARTABLE 7-1
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274 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARFIGURE 7-
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276 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR−500Sce
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7.3 Doppler Beam Sharpening Extensi
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288 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARand in th
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7.4 Range-Doppler Algorithms 291to
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7.4 Range-Doppler Algorithms 293For
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296 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR−150Col
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300 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR33 cycles
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302 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARCrossrang
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304 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARfrom freq
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7.5 Range Migration Algorithm 307r,
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310 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARkx (rad/m
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316 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARThe diffe
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320 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARLet us re
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322 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARThe resul
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324 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARscene. Th
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326 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARdriven by
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328 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARTABLE 7-3
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330 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SARFIGURE 7-
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332 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR7.10 REFE
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334 CHAPTER 7 Stripmap SAR6. [MATLA
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Interferometric SAR andCoherent Exp
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8.1 Introduction 3398.1.1 Organizat
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8.1 Introduction 341Rsabnv rw x ,w
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8.2 Digital Terrain Models 343FIGUR
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8.3 Estimating Elevation Profiles U
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352 CHAPTER 8 Interferometric SAR a
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8.5 InSAR Processing Steps 365ξ ta
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8.5 InSAR Processing Steps 3670.1 0
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8.5 InSAR Processing Steps 373While
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8.6 Error Sources 375The second met
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8.6 Error Sources 377If sufficient
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Adaptive Digital BeamformingCHAPTER
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9.1 Introduction 403c k = clutter s
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408 CHAPTER 9 Adaptive Digital Beam
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9.2 Digital Beamforming Fundamental
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9.3 Adaptive Jammer Cancellation 42
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9.5 Wideband Cancellation 447FIGURE
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454 CHAPTER 10 Clutter Suppression
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10.2 Space-Time Signal Representati
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10.5 STAP Fundamentals 4810−5−1
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10.6 STAP Processing Architectures
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10.7 Other Considerations 4911 CPIM
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10.9 Summary 49310.7.3 Computationa
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10.10 References 495[12] Fenner, D.
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10.11 Problems 497the PSD in Figure
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11.2 Colored Space-Time Exploration
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11.2 Colored Space-Time Exploration
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506 CHAPTER 11 Space-Time Coding fo
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11.8 References 525Cost reduction o
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11.9 Problems 52711.9.2 Equivalence
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530 CHAPTER 12 Electronic Protectio
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12.2 Electronic Attack 535TABLE 12-
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12.2 Electronic Attack 541variation
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12.5 Antenna-Based EP 557are adjust
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12.6 Transmitter-Based EP 561polari
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12.11 Summary 583TABLE 12-4Summary
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12.14 Problems 585[9] Stimson, G.W.
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Introduction to RadarPolarimetryCHA
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13.1 Introduction 591and precipitat
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13.1 Introduction 593S: target scat
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13.2 Polarization 597After substitu
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13.2 Polarization 599zFIGURE 13-4Po
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13.3 Scattering Matrix 601left-hand
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604 CHAPTER 13 Introduction to Rada
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13.4 Radar Applications of Polarime
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13.4 Radar Applications of Polarime
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13.5 Measurement of the Scattering
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13.5 Measurement of the Scattering
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13.8 References 623• Lee, Jong-Se
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13.8 References 625[32] Kraus, J.D.
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13.9 Problems 627with the result in
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Automatic Target RecognitionCHAPTER
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14.2 Unified Framework for ATR 633P
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14.3 Metrics and Performance Predic
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14.3 Metrics and Performance Predic
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 639TA
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 641Te
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 64314
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 645Un
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 64714
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 649se
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14.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 651th
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14.5 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Rad
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14.5 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Rad
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14.6 Passive Radar ATR 657radar sys
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14.7 High-Resolution Range Profiles
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14.9 Further Reading 661take a targ
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14.10 References 663[19] Q. H. Pham
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14.10 References 665[56] M. Martore
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14.10 References 667[92] E. Libby,
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Multitarget, MultisensorTrackingCHA
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15.1 Review Of Tracking Concepts 67
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15.1 Review Of Tracking Concepts 67
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678 CHAPTER 15 Multitarget, Multise
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15.2 Multitarget Tracking 683TABLE
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15.2 Multitarget Tracking 685remove
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15.5 Further Reading 69515.4 SUMMAR
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15.6 References 697[11] Blair, W.D.
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15.7 Problems 6992. Common metrics
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⎡⎤3 0 0 0 0 00 3 0 0 0 0P 2 =0
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Human Detection With Radar:Dismount
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environment that may mask the gener
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D s % = Boulic-Thalmann model param
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16.2 Characterizing the Human Radar
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714 CHAPTER 16 Human Detection With
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16.4 Technical Challenges in Human
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16.4 Technical Challenges in Human
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16.5 Exploiting Knowledge for Detec
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16.7 Further Reading 729enable not
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16.8 References 731[13] Broggi, A.,
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16.8 References 733[53] G.E. Smith,
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16.8 References 735Conference on So
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16.9 Problems 737FIGURE 16-13Pendul
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740 CHAPTER 17 Advanced Processing
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17.3 Direct Signal and Multipath/Cl
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17.3 Direct Signal and Multipath/Cl
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17.4 Signal Processing Techniques f
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17.4 Signal Processing Techniques f
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Page 803 and 804: 778 CHAPTER 17 Advanced Processing
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Page 849 and 850: 824 Appendix A: Answers to Selected
Page 851 and 852: 826 Appendix A: Answers to Selected
Page 853: 828 Appendix A: Answers to Selected
Page 859 and 860: 830 IndexASAR. See Advanced SAR (AS
Page 861 and 862: 832 IndexCross-polarization (XPOL),
Page 863 and 864: 834 IndexExciter-based EP (cont.)fr
Page 865 and 866: 836 IndexInterferencecolored noise,
Page 867 and 868: 838 IndexMoving target indication (
Page 869 and 870: 840 IndexPOI. See Probability of in
Page 871 and 872: 842 IndexSaturated (constant amplit
Page 873 and 874: 844 IndexStripmap SAR (cont.)remote
Page 875 and 876: 846 IndexWWald sequential test, com
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