GTMB 7 - Gene Therapy & Molecular Biology

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Zeng: PRL-3 as a target for cancer therapyFigure 1. Alignment of amino acid sequence of C. elegans PRL (C_PRL), Drosophila PRL, (Dro._PRL), mouse PRLs (mPRL-1, mPRL-2 and mPRL-3) and human PRLs (hPRL-1, hPRL-2 and hPRL-3) with GENE Doc. Program. Identical residues among all these PRLsare shaded in yellow.II. Materials and methodsA. Establishment of a stable cell lineexpressing myc-PRL-3 and a stable cell poolexpressing EGFP-PRL-3The pStar-myc-PRL-3 and pEGFP-PRL-3 plasmids wereconstructed and described in our early studies (Zeng et al, 2000and 2003). CHO-K1 cell line was obtained from the AmericanType Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) to generate CHO cellline stably expressing PRL-3 (clone 36) in pStar vector (Zeng etal, 1998b) and to generate CHO stable pooled cells expressingPRL-3 in pEGFP-C1 vector (Clontech: http://www.clontech.com/index.shtml). Briefly, the cells were transfected with the pStar-Myc-PRL-3 or pEGFP-PRL-3 respectively, cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum andselected in 1mg/ml of G418 to establish a stable clonal cell linefor pStar-myc-PRL-3 or stable pooled transfectants for pEGFP-PRL-3.B. Experimental metastasis andimmunoperoxidase 10-week old female nude mice(Jackson Labs, USA) were each injected via the tail vein withmyc-PRL-3 expressing cells (5x10 5 ). Mice were sacrificed 25days after the tail vein injection and all tissues were examined formetastasis. Lungs with metastasis were performed withimmunoperoxidase labeling by using a Vectastain ABC kit fromVector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA) according to theprocedure provided by the supplier. The c-Myc antibody (9E10)was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA).C. Confocal microscopyCells stably expressing EGFP-PRL-3 were seeded ontoglass coverslips and grew for 24 hours. Cells were washed twicewith PBSCM (PBS containing 1mM of MgCl 2 and 1mM ofCaCl 2 ) and then fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde for 20 min atroom temperature. After three more washes with PBSCM, cellswere mounted onto a glass slide with one drop of anti-fadereagent in PBS glycerol (Biomedia Corp, Foster City, CA), andkept at 4 o C in the dark until analysis. Confocal imaging wasperformed using a laser scanning head (MRC 1024, Bio-RadLaboratories, GB).D. Production and analysis of transgenictadpolesA modified restriction enzyme mediated integration(REMI) method was used to generate transgenic Xenopus laevistadpoles (Duncan B et al, 2000). Briefly, 2.5 µl containing 100-250 ng of the construct was incubated with 2.5 µl containing1x10 5 /µl of sperm nuclei for 10 min at room temperature. Theincubation mixture was then diluted to a concentration of onesperm per 10-12 µl and injected into de-jellied eggs usingconstant flow injector (Harvard Apparatus PHD 2000 Infusion)at a flow rate of 0.7 µl/min. Normal-looking embryos werecollected and incubated. The tadpoles were then screened for theexpression of EGFP. Pictures were taken by a digital camera(Nikon Coolpix 995) attached to a fluorescent microscope (Zeiss,M2 Bio Quad).III. PRL-3 might help tumorformation in foreign territoriesMetastasis is a complex process involving manychanges in cell/tissue physiology and gene expression. Themajor events in the process of metastasis include theability of tumor cells to leave their sites of primary tumorand enter the circulation to extravagate into a new tissue,begin and maintain growth in this tissue to formpreangiogenic micrometastases, and then develop a bloodsupply to enable the formation of macroscopic tumors(Weiss, 2000; Chambers et al, 2002; Takeda et al, 2002).It is metastasis that defeats oncologists to cure theirpatients. What invokes tumor cells to dissociate from theprimary tumor and migrate to distant tissues is largelyunclear. Overexpression of PRL-3 has been found in 100%of 18 colorectal cancer liver metastases examined (Saha etal, 2001). To carry out this process in vivo and to study therole of PRL-3 in the pathways of metastasis, cells from astable CHO clone overexpressing of PRL-3 were injectedinto the tail veins of 10-week-old female nude mice, thusintroducing these cells directly into circulatory bloodsystem of the animals. We found rapid metastasis in ouranimal experimental metastasis model (Zeng et al, 2003).The tumor was performed with fresh frozen sections andchecked for PRL-3 protein expression level by240
Gene Therapy and Molecular Biology Vol 7, page 241Figure 2. Expression of PRL-3 protein in small tumor area (S) but not in large tumor area (L). A cryosection of lung tissue was obtainedfrom 13-week-old nude mouse after 25 days injection with clonal Chinese Hamster Ovary cells overexpression of myc-PRL-3 by the tailvein. The section was precessed for immunoperoxidase labeling using c-Myc antibody (9E10) which was from Santa CruzBiotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Bar represents 20 µm.immunohistochemistry method (ABC). Interestingly, inmost cases, PRL-3 was detected in small tumors (Figure2) but not in large tumors. The process of metastasis byoverexpression of PRL-3 likely does not require anyfurther inputs from its upstream. These results give usclues that PRL-3 might act as an initiator for the tumorimplantation (or perhaps for blood vessel formation) inforeign territory and then pass the job to its downstreameffectors.IV. PRL-3 might have a role incardiac hypertrophyHuman PRL-3 has been reported to play a physiologicalrole of preventing the tyrosine phosphorylation of p130 casand has an effect on the mobilizing of intracellular calciumin response to Angiotensin-II in HEK 293 cells (Matter etal, 2001). The PRL-3 was preferentially expressed in adultand fetal hearts at all parts except aorta (Li and Zeng,unpublished data). Transgenic mice overexpressing PRL-3in the heart show overt cardiac hypertrophy and reducedcardiac function associated with impaired calciumhandling (Kadambi et al, 2000). Cardiac hypertrophyinvolves an increase in size and mass of individualcardiomyocytes without an increase in cell number. Wediscovered that overexpression of the PRL-3 in CHO cellscaused dramatically enlargement in sizes of sometransfected cells (Figure 3). The studies suggest that PRL-3 may have a physiological role in maintaining normalfunctions of the heart. Overexpression of the PRL-3 mightbe involved in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy.Figure 3. A giant cell overexpressing the EGFP-PRL-3. A CHOcell overexpressionof PRL-3 dramatically enlarged in size. Bar,20 µm241
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GTMB 7 - Gene Therapy & Molecular Biology

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