Chapter 12 – Marker-<strong>assisted</strong> <strong>selection</strong> <strong>in</strong> dairy cattle 225Kuhn, C., Bennewitz, J., Re<strong>in</strong>sch, N., Thomsen, H., Looft, C., Brockmann, G.A., Schwer<strong>in</strong>, M.,Weimann, C., Hiendieder, S., Erhardt, G., Medjugorac, I., Forster, M., Brenig, B., Re<strong>in</strong>hardt, F.,Reents, R., Russ, I., Averdunk, G., Blumel, J. & Kalm, E. 2003. Quantitative trait loci mapp<strong>in</strong>g offunctional traits <strong>in</strong> the German Holste<strong>in</strong> cattle population. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 360–368.Kuhn, C., Thaller, G., W<strong>in</strong>ter, A., B<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>da-Emonds, O.R.P., Kaupe, B., Erhardt, G., Bennewitz,J., Schwer<strong>in</strong>, M. & Fries, R. 2004. Evidence for multiple alleles at the DGAT1 locus betterexpla<strong>in</strong>s a quantitative tip trait locus with major effect on milk fat content <strong>in</strong> cattle. Genetics 167:1873–1881.Lander, E.S. & Botste<strong>in</strong>, D. 1989. Mapp<strong>in</strong>g Mendelian factors underly<strong>in</strong>g quantitative traits us<strong>in</strong>gRFLP l<strong>in</strong>kage maps. Genetics 121: 185–199.Mackay, T.F. 2001. The genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Ann. Rev. Genet. 35: 303–339.Mack<strong>in</strong>non, M.J. & Georges, M.A.J. 1998. Marker-<strong>assisted</strong> pre<strong>selection</strong> of young dairy sires prior toprogeny-test<strong>in</strong>g. Livest. Prod. Sci. 54: 229–250.Mack<strong>in</strong>non, M.J. & Weller, J.I. 1995. Methodology and accuracy of estimation of quantitative traitloci parameters <strong>in</strong> a half-sib design us<strong>in</strong>g maximum likelihood. Genetics 141: 755–770.Madalena, F.E. 1993. A simple scheme to utilize heterosis <strong>in</strong> tropical dairy cattle. World Anim. Rev.74/75: 17–25.Mart<strong>in</strong>ez, O. & Curnow, R.N. 1992. Estimat<strong>in</strong>g the locations and the sizes of the effects of quantitativetrait loci us<strong>in</strong>g flank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>marker</strong>s. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85: 480–488.Meuwissen, T.H.E. & Goddard, M.E. 2000. F<strong>in</strong>e mapp<strong>in</strong>g of quantitative trait loci us<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>kage disequilibriawith closely l<strong>in</strong>ked <strong>marker</strong> loci. Genetics 155: 421–430.Meuwissen, T.H.E. & Goddard, M.E. 2004. Mapp<strong>in</strong>g multiple QTL us<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>kage disequilibrium andl<strong>in</strong>kage analysis <strong>in</strong>formation and multitrait data. Genet. Sel. Evol 36: 261–279.Meuwissen, T.H.E. & van Arendonk, J.A.M. 1992. Potential improvements <strong>in</strong> rate of genetic ga<strong>in</strong>from <strong>marker</strong> <strong>assisted</strong> <strong>selection</strong> <strong>in</strong> dairy cattle breed<strong>in</strong>g schemes. J. Dairy Sci. 75: 1651–1659.Meuwissen, T.H.E., Karlsen, A., Lien, S., Olsaker, I. & Goddard, M.E. 2002. F<strong>in</strong>e mapp<strong>in</strong>g of aquantitative trait locus for tw<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g rate us<strong>in</strong>g comb<strong>in</strong>ed l<strong>in</strong>kage and l<strong>in</strong>kage disequilibrium mapp<strong>in</strong>g.Genetics 16: 373–379.Mosig, M.O., Lipk<strong>in</strong>, E., Khutoreskaya, G., Tchourzyna, E., Soller, M. & Friedmann, A. 2001. Awhole genome scan for quantitative trait loci affect<strong>in</strong>g milk prote<strong>in</strong> percentage <strong>in</strong> Israeli-Holste<strong>in</strong>cattle, by means of selective milk DNA pool<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a daughter design, us<strong>in</strong>g an adjusted false discoveryrate criterion. Genetics 157: 1683–1698.Nadesal<strong>in</strong>gam, J., Plante, Y. & Gibson, J.P. 2001. Detection of QTL for milk production on chromosomes1 and 6 of Holste<strong>in</strong> cattle. Mammal. Genome 12: 27–31.Neimann-Sørensen, A. & Robertson, A. 1961. The association between blood groups and severalproduction characters <strong>in</strong> three Danish cattle breeds. Acta. Agr. Scand. 11: 163–196.Nemir, M., Bhattacharyya, D., Li, X., S<strong>in</strong>gh, K., Mukherjee, A.B. & Mukherjee, B.B. 2000. Targeted<strong>in</strong>hibition of osteopont<strong>in</strong> expression <strong>in</strong> the mammary gland causes abnormal morphogenesis andlactation deficiency. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 969–976.Nicholas, F.W. & Smith C. 1983. Increased rates of genetic change <strong>in</strong> dairy cattle by embryo transferand splitt<strong>in</strong>g. Anim Prod. 36: 341–353.Olsen, H.G., Gomez-Raya, L., Vage, D.I., Olsaker, I., Klungland, H., Svendsen, M., Adnoy, T.,Sabry, A., Klemetsdal, G., Schulman, N., Kramer, W., Thaller, G., Ronn<strong>in</strong>gen, K. & Lien, S.
226Marker-<strong>assisted</strong> <strong>selection</strong> – Current status and future perspectives <strong>in</strong> crops, livestock, forestry and fish2002. A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affect<strong>in</strong>g milk production <strong>in</strong> Norwegian dairy cattle.J. Dairy Sci. 85: 3124–3130.Plante, Y., Gibson, J.P., Nadesal<strong>in</strong>gam, J., Mehrabani-Yeganeh, H., Lefebvre, S., Vandervoort,G. & Jansen, G.B. 2001. Detection of quantitative trait loci affect<strong>in</strong>g milk production traits on 10chromosomes <strong>in</strong> Holste<strong>in</strong> cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 1516–1524.Powell, R.L. & Norman, H.D. 1988. Accuracy of cow <strong>in</strong>dexes accord<strong>in</strong>g to repeatability, evaluation,herd yield, and registry status. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 2232–2240.Ron, M., Heyen, D.W., Weller, J.I., Band, M., Feldmesser, E., Pasternak, H., Da, Y., Wiggans, G.R.,Vanraden, P.M., Ezra, E. & Lew<strong>in</strong>, H.A. 1998. Detection and analysis of a locus affect<strong>in</strong>g milkconcentration <strong>in</strong> the US and Israeli dairy cattle populations. Proc. 6th World Cong. Genet. Appl.Livest. Prod. 26: 422–425. Armidale, Australia.Ron, M., Kliger D., Feldmesser E., Seroussi E., Ezra E. & Weller J. I. 2001. Multiple quantitativetrait locus analysis of bov<strong>in</strong>e chromosome 6 <strong>in</strong> the Israeli Holste<strong>in</strong> population by a daughter design.Genetics 159:727–735.Ron, M., Cohen-Z<strong>in</strong>der, M., Peter, C., Weller, J.I. & Erhardt, G. 2006. ABCG2 polymorphism <strong>in</strong>Bos <strong>in</strong>dicus and Bos taurus cattle breeds. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 4921–4923.Ron, M., Feldmesser, E., Golik, M., Tager-Cohen, I., Kliger, D., Reiss, V., Domochovsky, R., Alus,O., Seroussi, E., Ezra, E. & Weller, J.I. 2004. A complete genome scan of the Israeli Holste<strong>in</strong> populationfor quantitative trait loci by a daughter design. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 476–490.Schnabel, R.D., Kim, J.J., Ashwell, M.S., Sonstegard, T.S., Van Tassell, C.P., Connor, E.E. &Taylor, J.F. 2005. F<strong>in</strong>e-mapp<strong>in</strong>g milk production quantitative trait loci on BTA6: Analysis of thebov<strong>in</strong>e osteopont<strong>in</strong> gene. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 6896–6901.Schrooten, C., Bovenhuis, H., Coppieters, W. & van Arendonk, J.A.M. 2000. Whole genome scanto detect quantitative trait loci for conformation and functional traits <strong>in</strong> dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci.83: 795–806.Schulman, N.F., Viitala, S.M., de Kon<strong>in</strong>g, D.J., Virta, J., Maki-Tanila, A. & Vilkki, J.H. 2004.Quantitative trait loci for health traits <strong>in</strong> F<strong>in</strong>nish Ayrshire cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 443–449.Smith, C. 1988. Genetic improvement of livestock, us<strong>in</strong>g nucleus breed<strong>in</strong>g units. World Anim. Rev.65: 2–10.Song, J-Z., Soller, M. & Genizi, A. 1999. The full-sib <strong>in</strong>tercross l<strong>in</strong>e (FSIL): a QTL mapp<strong>in</strong>g designfor outcross<strong>in</strong>g species. Genet. Research 73: 61–73.Spelman, R.J., Garrick, D.J. & van Arendonk, J.A.M. 1999. Utilization of genetic variation by<strong>marker</strong> <strong>assisted</strong> <strong>selection</strong> <strong>in</strong> commercial diary cattle populations. Livest. Prod. Sci. 59: 51–60.Spelman, R.J., Coppieters, W., Karim, L., van Arendonk, J.A.M. & Bovenhuis, H. 1996.Quantitative trait loci analysis for five milk production traits on chromosome six <strong>in</strong> the DutchHolste<strong>in</strong>-Friesian population. Genetics 144: 1799–1808.Spelman, R.J., Huisman, A.E., S<strong>in</strong>gireddy, S.R., Coppieters, W., Arranz, J., Georges, M. &Garrick, D.J. 1999. Quantitative trait loci analysis on 17 nonproduction traits <strong>in</strong> the New Zealanddairy population. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 2514–2516.Thomsen, H., Re<strong>in</strong>sch, N., Xu, N., Looft, C., Grupe, S., Kuhn, C., Brockmann, G.A., Schwer<strong>in</strong>,M., Leyhe-Horn, B., Hiendleder, S., Erhardt, G., Medjugorac, I., Russ, I., Forster, M., Brenig,B., Re<strong>in</strong>hardt, Kalm, E. 2001. Comparison of estimated breed<strong>in</strong>g values, daughter yield deviationsand deregressed proofs with<strong>in</strong> a whole genome scan for QTL. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 118:357–370.
- Page 4 and 5:
iiiContentsAcknowledgementsForeword
- Page 6 and 7:
Section v - marker-assisted selecti
- Page 8 and 9:
viiForewordSince almost the beginni
- Page 10 and 11:
ixAbbreviations and acronymsAATFAB-
- Page 12 and 13:
xiFIVIMSFNPFSCFSILGABIGASGCAGCPGDPG
- Page 14 and 15:
xiiiOBMOECDOIEOPVPAGEPBRsPCRPGRFAPI
- Page 16 and 17:
xvContributorsAmalia BaroneProfesso
- Page 18 and 19:
xviiElcio Perpétuo GuimarãesSenio
- Page 20:
xixAndrea SonninoSenior Agricultura
- Page 24 and 25:
Chapter 1Marker-assisted selection
- Page 26 and 27:
Chapter 1 - An overview of the issu
- Page 28 and 29:
Chapter 1 - An overview of the issu
- Page 30 and 31:
Chapter 1 - An overview of the issu
- Page 32 and 33:
Chapter 1 - An overview of the issu
- Page 34:
Chapter 1 - An overview of the issu
- Page 37 and 38:
16Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 39 and 40:
18Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 41 and 42:
20Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 43 and 44:
22Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 45 and 46:
24Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 47 and 48:
26Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 50 and 51:
Chapter 3Molecular markers for use
- Page 52 and 53:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 54 and 55:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 56 and 57:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 58 and 59:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 60 and 61:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 62 and 63:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 64 and 65:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 66 and 67:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 68 and 69:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 70:
Chapter 3 - Molecular markers for u
- Page 73 and 74:
52Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 75 and 76:
54Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 77 and 78:
56Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 79 and 80:
58Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 81 and 82:
60Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 83 and 84:
62Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 85 and 86:
64Marker-assisted selection - Curre
- Page 88 and 89:
Chapter 6Targeted introgression of
- Page 90 and 91:
Chapter 6 - Targeted introgression
- Page 92 and 93:
Chapter 6 - Targeted introgression
- Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 6 - Targeted introgression
- Page 96 and 97:
Chapter 6 - Targeted introgression
- Page 98 and 99:
Chapter 6 - Targeted introgression
- Page 100 and 101:
Chapter 6 - Targeted introgression
- Page 102 and 103:
Chapter 7Marker-assisted selection
- Page 104 and 105:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 108 and 109:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 112 and 113:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 114 and 115:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 116 and 117:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 124 and 125:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 126 and 127:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 128 and 129:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 130 and 131:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 132 and 133:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 134 and 135:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 136:
Chapter 7 - Marker-assisted selecti
- Page 139 and 140:
118Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 141 and 142:
120Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 143 and 144:
122Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 145 and 146:
124Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 147 and 148:
126Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 149 and 150:
128Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 151 and 152:
130Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 153 and 154:
132Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 155 and 156:
134Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 157 and 158:
136Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 159 and 160:
138Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 161 and 162:
140Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 163 and 164:
142Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 165 and 166:
144Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 167 and 168:
146Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 169 and 170:
148Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 171 and 172:
150Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 173 and 174:
152Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 175 and 176:
154Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 177 and 178:
156Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 179 and 180:
158Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 181 and 182:
160Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 183 and 184:
162Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 185 and 186:
164Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 188 and 189:
Chapter 10Strategies, limitations a
- Page 190 and 191:
Chapter 10 - Strategies, limitation
- Page 192 and 193:
Chapter 10 - Strategies, limitation
- Page 194 and 195:
Chapter 10 - Strategies, limitation
- Page 196 and 197: Chapter 10 - Strategies, limitation
- Page 198 and 199: Chapter 10 - Strategies, limitation
- Page 200 and 201: Chapter 10 - Strategies, limitation
- Page 202 and 203: Chapter 10 - Strategies, limitation
- Page 204 and 205: Chapter 10 - Strategies, limitation
- Page 206 and 207: Chapter 11Marker-assisted selection
- Page 208 and 209: Chapter 11 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 210 and 211: Chapter 11 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 212 and 213: Chapter 11 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 214 and 215: Chapter 11 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 216 and 217: Chapter 11 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 218 and 219: Chapter 11 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 220 and 221: Chapter 12Marker-assisted selection
- Page 222 and 223: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 224 and 225: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 226 and 227: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 228 and 229: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 230 and 231: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 232 and 233: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 234 and 235: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 236 and 237: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 238 and 239: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 240 and 241: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 242 and 243: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 244 and 245: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 248 and 249: Chapter 12 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 250 and 251: Chapter 13Marker-assisted selection
- Page 252 and 253: Chapter 13 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 254 and 255: Chapter 13 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 256 and 257: Chapter 13 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 258 and 259: Chapter 13 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 260 and 261: Chapter 13 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 262 and 263: Chapter 13 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 264 and 265: Chapter 13 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 266 and 267: Chapter 13 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 268: Chapter 13 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 272 and 273: Chapter 14Marker-assisted selection
- Page 274 and 275: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 276 and 277: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 278 and 279: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 280 and 281: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 282 and 283: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 284 and 285: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 286 and 287: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 288 and 289: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 290 and 291: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 292 and 293: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 294 and 295: Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 296 and 297:
Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 298 and 299:
Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 300 and 301:
Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 302:
Chapter 14 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 305 and 306:
284Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 307 and 308:
286Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 309 and 310:
288Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 311 and 312:
290Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 313 and 314:
292Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 315 and 316:
294Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 317 and 318:
296Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 319 and 320:
298Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 321 and 322:
300Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 323 and 324:
302Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 325 and 326:
304Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 328:
Section VMarker-assisted selectioni
- Page 331 and 332:
310Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 333 and 334:
312Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 335 and 336:
314Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 337 and 338:
316Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 339 and 340:
318Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 341 and 342:
320Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 343 and 344:
322Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 345 and 346:
324Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 347 and 348:
326Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 349 and 350:
328Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 351 and 352:
330Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 353 and 354:
332Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 355 and 356:
334Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 357 and 358:
336Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 359 and 360:
338Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 361 and 362:
340Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 363 and 364:
342Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 365 and 366:
344Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 367 and 368:
346Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 369 and 370:
348Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 371 and 372:
350Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 373 and 374:
352Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 375 and 376:
354Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 377 and 378:
356Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 379 and 380:
358Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 381 and 382:
360Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 383 and 384:
362Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 386 and 387:
Chapter 18Marker-assisted selection
- Page 388 and 389:
Chapter 18 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 390 and 391:
Chapter 18 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 392 and 393:
Chapter 18 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 394 and 395:
Chapter 18 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 396 and 397:
Chapter 18 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 398 and 399:
Chapter 18 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 400 and 401:
Chapter 18 - Marker-assisted select
- Page 402 and 403:
Chapter 19Technical, economic and p
- Page 404 and 405:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 406 and 407:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 408 and 409:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 410 and 411:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 412 and 413:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 414 and 415:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 416 and 417:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 418 and 419:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 420 and 421:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 422 and 423:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 424 and 425:
Chapter 19 - Technical, economic an
- Page 426 and 427:
Chapter 20Impacts of intellectual p
- Page 428 and 429:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 430 and 431:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 432 and 433:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 434 and 435:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 436 and 437:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 438 and 439:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 440 and 441:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 442 and 443:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 444 and 445:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 446:
Chapter 20 - Impacts of intellectua
- Page 449 and 450:
428Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 451 and 452:
430Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 453 and 454:
432Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 455 and 456:
434Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 457 and 458:
436Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 459 and 460:
438Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 461 and 462:
440Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 463 and 464:
442Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 465 and 466:
444Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 467 and 468:
446Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 469 and 470:
448Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 471 and 472:
450Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 473 and 474:
452Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 475 and 476:
454Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 477 and 478:
456Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 479 and 480:
458Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 481 and 482:
460Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 483 and 484:
462Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 485 and 486:
464Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 487 and 488:
466Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 489 and 490:
468Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 491 and 492:
470Marker-assisted selection - Curr
- Page 494:
This book provides a comprehensive