marker-assisted selection in wheat - ictsd

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Chapter 15 – Marker-assisted selection in forestry species 295or family relationships. The possibility oftransferring SNP markers among specieshas already been demonstrated in eucalypts(Thumma et al., 2005).Forest trees, including many species indeveloping countries, are near their wildstate, and significant improvement can stillbe made quite rapidly based on selectionamong existing genotypes (FAO, 2003).Association studies are ideally suited toexploiting variation in natural populationsand do not rely on the existence of extensivepedigrees from controlled crosses.Suitable populations should include a largenumber of unrelated individuals of thesame age growing on the one site. It hasbeen estimated that 500 individuals wouldbe necessary to detect association betweena quantitative nucleotide responsiblefor 5 percent or more of the phenotypicvariance (Long and Langley, 1999). Thedevelopment of such populations wouldprovide a good foundation for future GASresearch in developing countries. While themarkers developed using this approach arelikely to be more easily transferred betweenbreeding programmes, the application ofGAS would require the subsequent developmentof advanced breeding programmeswhere the selection of superior alleles couldtake place. However, publicly fundedforestry research is suboptimal in manydeveloping countries and development prioritiesdo not necessarily include geneticimprovement programmes (FAO, 2003).The major costs of GAS are associatedwith identifying candidate genes potentiallylinked to the relevant traits, and discoveringSNPs. In some cases, public databases maycontain large numbers of genes from thetarget or closely related species but, if not,there would be additional costs associatedwith EST sequencing of genes fromthe relevant tissue (i.e. xylem genes forwood traits). These additional costs may beoffset partially by EST sequencing clonesfrom mixed cDNA libraries derived from anumber of unrelated trees from the associationpopulation.Previously, the cost of genotyping SNPswas prohibitive, but this has fallen dramaticallyin recent years as high-throughputtechnologies have been developed for thehuman HapMap project (InternationalHapMap Consortium, 2003). The IlluminaBeadstation technology (www.illumina.com) is particularly suited to smaller-scalegenotyping projects such as those beingundertaken in forest trees. Cost is certainlya limitation in many developing countriesincluding much of Africa and someSouth American countries; however, inmost Asian countries and countries suchas Brazil where molecular genetic laboratoriesare already well established, costswould not be prohibitive. The full benefitsof GAS would require development of efficientclonal propagation and deploymentsystems before it was applied routinely.Less stringent regulatory approval processesand greater public acceptance ofgenetically modified plants have allowedBrazil and China to take a lead role in commercializingtransgenic tree technology.China is the only country to announce thecommercial release of transgenics (poplar)with 300–500 hectares being planted in2002 (Wang, 2004). Regulatory approvalfor the release of Bacillus thuriengensis(Bt) insect resistant eucalypts in Brazil ispending (Sedjo, 2004). Given the difficultyof carrying out long-term transgenic fieldtrials with long rotation conifers, transgenicapproaches are likely to be restrictedto modification of high-value traits such aswood fibre properties in short rotation speciesgrown on a large scale. Conventionalbreeding, using either open or controlled
296Marker-assisted selection – Current status and future perspectives in crops, livestock, forestry and fishpollination in seed orchards, will continueto be the most important mechanism fordeveloping new genotypes for increasedgenetic gain (Carson, Walter and Carson,2004).AcknowledgementsWe thank Simon Potter and Reddy Thumma(ENSISjv) for constructive comments onthe manuscript.ReferencesAgrama, H.A., George, T.L. & Salah, S.F. 2002. Construction of genome map for Eucalyptuscamaldulensis Dehn. Silv. Genet. 51: 201–206.Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. 2000. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plantArabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408: 796–815.Arcade, A., Anselin, F., Faivre Rampant, P., Lesage, M.C., Paques, L.E. & Prat, D. 2000. Applicationof AFLP, RAPD and ISSR markers to genetic mapping of European and Japanese larch. Theor.Appl. Genet. 100: 299–307.Barreneche, T., Bodénès, C., Lexer, C., Trontin, J.F., Fluch, S., Streiff, R., Plomion, C., Roussel, G.,Steinkellner, H., Burg, K., Favre, J.M., Glössl, J. & Kremer, A. 1998. A genetic linkage map ofQuercus robur L. (pedunculate oak) based on RAPD, SCAR, microsatellite, minisatellite, isozyme,and 5S rDNA markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97: 1090–1103.Barreneche, T., Casosoli, M., Russell, K., Akkak, A., Meddour, H., Plomion, C., Villai, F. & Kremer,A. 2004. Comparative mapping between Quercus and Castanea using simple-sequence repeats(SSRs). Theor. Appl. Genet. 108: 558–566.Bell, J.C., Powell, M., Devey, M.E. & Moran, G.F. 2004. DNA profiling, pedigree lineage analysis andmonitoring in the Australian breeding program of radiata pine. Silv. Genet. 53: 130–134.Binelli, G. & Buchi, G. 1994. A genetic linkage map of Picea abies based on RAPD markers, as a toolin population genetics. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88: 283–288.Boerjan, W., Ralph, J. & Baucher, M. 2003. Lignin biosynthesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 54: 519–46.Brendel, O., Pot, D., Plomion, C., Rozenberg, P. & Guehl, J.M. 2002. Genetic parameters and QTLanalysis of d13C and ring width in maritime pine. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 945–953.Brown, G.R., Bassoni, D.L., Gill, G.P., Fontana, J.R., Wheeler, N.C., McGraw, R.A., Davis, M.F.,Sewell, M.M., Tuskan, G.A. & Neale, D.B. 2003. Identification of quantitative trait loci influencingwood property traits in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) III. QTL verification and candidate genemapping. Genetics 164: 1537–1546.Brown, G.R., Gill, G.P., Kuntz, R.J., Beal, J.A., Nelson, D., Wheeler, N.C., Penttila, B., Roers, J.& Neale, D.B. 2004. Associations of candidate gene single nucleotide polymorphisms with woodproperty phenotypes in loblolly pine, Abstract W98. In Plant & Animal Genomes XII Conference,San Diego, CA, USA.Bundock, P.C., Hayden, M. & Vaillancourt, R. 2000. Linkage maps of Eucalyptus globulus usingRAPD and microsatellite markers. Silv. Genet. 49: 223–232.Butcher, P.A. 2003. Molecular breeding of tropical trees. In A. Rimbawanto, & M. Susanto, eds. Proc.Internat. Conf. on Advances in Genetic Improvement of Tropical Tree Species, pp. 59–66. Centrefor Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Butcher, P.A. 2004. Genetic mapping in acacias. In S. Kumar & M. Fladung, eds. Molecular geneticsand breeding of forest trees, pp. 411–427. New York, USA, Haworth Press.
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iiiContentsAcknowledgementsForeword
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Section v - marker-assisted selecti
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viiForewordSince almost the beginni
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ixAbbreviations and acronymsAATFAB-
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xiFIVIMSFNPFSCFSILGABIGASGCAGCPGDPG
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xiiiOBMOECDOIEOPVPAGEPBRsPCRPGRFAPI
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xvContributorsAmalia BaroneProfesso
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xviiElcio Perpétuo GuimarãesSenio
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xixAndrea SonninoSenior Agricultura
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Chapter 1Marker-assisted selection
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Chapter 1 - An overview of the issu
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Chapter 3Molecular markers for use
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