marker-assisted selection in wheat - ictsd

Chapter 2 – An assessment of the use of molecular markers in developing countries 21Table 5Biotechnology applications in plant genetic resources for food and agriculture in use in25 developing countriesCountry TC MAS IC DH MC GEAlgeria X 1 X X X N 2 NAngola X N N N N NArmenia X N X X X NCameroon X X N N N NCosta Rica X N X N X XDominican Republic N N N N N NEthiopia X X N X N NGeorgia X X X N X NGhana X X N N N NMali X N N N N NKenya X X X X N XMalawi X N N N N NMoldova X N N N N NMozambique N N N N N NNicaragua X X N N X NNiger X X N N N NNigeria X X X X X NSenegal X N X X N NSierra Leone X N N N N NSri Lanka N N N N N NSudan X N N N N NTunisia X X N X N NUzbekistan X N N X X NZambia X N N N N NZimbabwe X X N N N X1One or more institutions in the country are using the tool. However, this does not measure its impact.2Not in use.TC = tissue culture; MAS = marker-assisted selection; IC = interspecific crosses; DH = double-haploid technology;MC = molecular characterization; GE = genetic engineeringadvancement of plant breeding efforts mightnot be achieved through MAS because ofthe complexity encountered in multitraitand multistage selection for economicallyimportant traits. Consequently, today inthe developed world, molecular markersdo not have a prominent role in breedingprogrammes (Hallauer, 1999).Use of molecular techniques inAnGR managementFAO invited 188 countries to participatein the preparation of the First Reporton the SoW-AnGR. One hundred andsixty-nine country reports (CR) on AnGRwere submitted (available at www.fao.org/dad-is/).The countries were offered guidelinesfor the preparation of the country reports,one section of which was to be devoted toreviewing the state of national capacitiesand assessing future capacity buildingrequirements (FAO, 2001). Countries wereassigned to seven regions on the basisof the regional classification establishedby FAO for the purpose of preparingthe SoW-AnGR. This analysis considered148 country reports available by July 2005,of which 42 were from Africa, 25 fromAsia, 39 from Europe and the Caucasus,22 from Latin America and the Caribbean,7 from the Near and Middle East, 2 fromNorth America and 11 from the SouthwestPacific (Pilling et al., 2007).