This annual report - Taranaki District Health Board

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Figure 33. Proportion of Children and Young People Aged 0–24 Years Living in CrowdedHouseholds by Ethnicity, Midland DHBs vs. New Zealand at the 2006 Census60% of Children and Young People 0–24 Years5040302010EuropeanAsianMāoriPacific0New Zealand Waikato Bay of Plenty Lakes DHB Tairawhiti TaranakiSource: Statistics New Zealand; Note: Ethnicity is Level 1 PrioritisedFigure 34. Proportion of Children and Young People Aged 0–24 Years Living in CrowdedHouseholds by NZ Deprivation Index Decile, Midland DHBs vs. New Zealand at the 2006Census% of Children and Young People 0–24 Years45403530252015105New ZealandWaikatoBay of PlentyLakes DHBTairawhitiTaranaki01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10NZ Deprivation Index DecileSource: Statistics New ZealandHousehold Crowding - 102
Local Policy Documents and Evidence-Based Reviews Relevant tothe Provision of Healthy HousingTable 12 below provides a brief overview of local policy documents and evidence-based reviewswhich consider the relationship between housing and health and the provision of healthy housing.There is a strong record of housing research in New Zealand and the table includes some localhousing intervention studies.Table 12. Local Policy Documents and Evidence-Based Reviews Relevant to the Provision ofHealthy HousingNew Zealand Policy DocumentsHousing New Zealand Corporation. 2010. Strategic Plan 2010-15: Helping New Zealanders in their time of need.Wellington: Housing New Zealand Corporation. http://www.hnzc.co.nz/about-us/our-publications/housing-new-zealandstrategic-planHousing New Zealand Corporation (HNZC) provides state houses and tenancy services to those most in need. Thisdocument identifies the challenges facing HNZC and establishes the direction and framework for addressing thosechallenges in coming years. Challenges include: increasing demand for housing assistance; a mismatch between thecurrent distribution, concentration and standard of the housing portfolio and the changing needs of tenants (includinglarger families); a need to work more collaboratively with other providers; and financial constraints. Strategic goals toaddress these challenge are identified and include: to effectively provide for those most in need, for the duration of need;to develop the housing portfolio to be ‘fit for purpose’ by type and location; to develop partnerships that strengthen socialhousing and communities; and to deliver economic and social value. Strategies for achieving these goals are described.Cochrane Systematic ReviewsSauni R, et al. 2011. Remediating buildings damaged by dampness and mould for preventing or reducingrespiratory tract symptoms, infections and asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviewsdoi:10.1002/14651858.CD007897.pub2 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007897.pub2/abstractThis systematic review assessed the effectiveness of remediating buildings damaged by dampness and mould inreducing or preventing respiratory tract symptoms, infections and symptoms of asthma. Eight studies (6538 participants)including two RCTs (294 participants), one cluster RCT (4407 participants) and five controlled before and after studies(1837 participants) were included in the review. In two of the studies participants were children and three other studiesreported symptoms in adults and children. For children, there was moderate quality evidence that repairing houses wasassociated with a decrease in the number of acute care visits (mean difference -0.45; 95% CI -0.76 to -0.14). There wasvery low-quality evidence that although repairing schools did not significantly change respiratory symptoms in staff orchildren, pupils’ visits to physicians due to a common cold were less frequent after remediation of the school. Theauthors conclude that better research, preferably with a cluster RCT design and validated outcome measures, is needed.Other Systematic ReviewsThomson H, et al. 2009. The Health Impacts of Housing Improvement: A Systematic Review of InterventionStudies From 1887 to 2007. American Journal of Public Health, 99(S3), S681-92.This systematic review assessed the health impacts of housing improvement interventions. Forty-five studies, using avariety of methodologies, were included in the narrative synthesis, which included an assessment of study quality. Healtheffects varied across the studies, but improvements in general, respiratory, and mental health were most commonlyreported following warmth improvement measures. There were few reports of adverse health impacts following housingimprovement. The authors conclude that housing improvements, especially warmth improvements, can generate healthimprovements, and there is little evidence of detrimental health effects. The potential for health benefits may depend onbaseline housing conditions and careful targeting of the intervention. Investigation of longer-term health effects isneeded.Taske N, et al. 2005. Housing and public health: a review of reviews of interventions for improving health.London: National Institute of Clinical Excellence. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/housing_MAIN%20FINAL.pdfThis UK focused briefing paper aimed to identify and review all the relevant systematic reviews, syntheses, metaanalysesand review-level papers on public health interventions relating to housing, to inform policy and decision makers,housing officials, and public health practitioners in the widest sense. It aimed to identify what housing-relatedinterventions work to promote health for all population groups, with particular reference to disadvantaged and vulnerablegroups. Fifteen review level papers were included, assessing re-housing and neighbourhood regeneration, and housingrefurbishment and renovation. Findings for re-housing included: review-level evidence that anxiety and depressionscores are reduced in people who are re-housed on the basis of medical need; review-level evidence that re-housingpeople from slum areas can improve self-reported physical and mental health outcomes in the longer term (18 months)but can adversely affect self-reported health outcomes in the short term (9 months); and review-level evidence from theUS that rental voucher programmes can improve household safety by providing families with the choice to move toneighbourhoods with reduced exposure to violence. Findings for refurbishment included: review-level evidence thathousing interventions involving improvements to energy efficiency measures, such as installation of new windows, canpositively affect health outcomes. A number of research recommendations are made including a need for costeffectivenessstudies.Household Crowding - 103
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Cover Artwork: Long-tailed Blue But
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Gross Dome
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Figure 41. Number of Students Invol
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Figure 85. Proportion of Babies Bor
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Figure 127. Relationship Between th
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Table 21. Policy Documents Relevant
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWIntroducti
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three then reviews mental health is
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Table 1. Overview of the Determinan
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Stream Indicator New Zealand Distri
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47MACROECONOMICINDICATORS
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Expenditure-based Measure of GDPThe
Page 52 and 53: Gini Coefficient: The Lorenz curve
Page 54 and 55: CHILD POVERTY AND LIVING STANDARDSI
Page 56 and 57: After Housing Costs (AHC)Relative P
Page 58 and 59: Figure 8. Proportion of Dependent C
Page 60 and 61: 14 Items (Enforced Lacks) are inclu
Page 62 and 63: Local Policy Documents and Evidence
Page 64 and 65: Other Relevant New Zealand Evidence
Page 66 and 67: UNEMPLOYMENT RATESIntroductionIn th
Page 68 and 69: Figure 12. Unemployment Rates by Ag
Page 70 and 71: Unemployment Rates by Qualification
Page 72 and 73: Figure 18. Quarterly Unemployment R
Page 74 and 75: CHILDREN RELIANT ON BENEFIT RECIPIE
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Page 80 and 81: YOUNG PEOPLE RELIANT ON BENEFITSInt
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Number of Young People Age
Page 84 and 85: New Zealand Distribution by Ethnici
Page 86 and 87: Figure 25. Young People Aged 16-24
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Page 91: HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION91
Page 94 and 95: Data Source and MethodsDefinitionPr
Page 96 and 97: Figure 29. Proportion of Children A
Page 98 and 99: Robertson J, et al. 2006. Review of
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Page 104 and 105: Other Relevant EvidenceMarmot Revie
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Page 116 and 117: Sylva K, et al. 2004 The Effective
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Page 124 and 125: HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AT S
Page 126 and 127: Figure 43. Highest Educational Atta
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Page 132 and 133: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL RETENTION A
Page 134 and 135: Participation in Tertiary Education
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Page 138 and 139: The following section uses informat
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Page 146 and 147: TRUANCY AND UNJUSTIFIED ABSENCESInt
Page 148 and 149: Figure 60. Total Unjustified Absenc
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Table 22. The National Immunisation
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Figure 64. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 67. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 71. Immunisation Coverage at
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Soares-Weiser K, et al. 2012. Vacci
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Briss PA, et al. 2000. Reviews of e
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Data Sources and MethodsIndicatorPr
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Figure 75. Proportion of New Zealan
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Proportion Receiving Core Contacts
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Figure 81. Proportion of Babies who
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The B4 School CheckThe B4 School Ch
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Local Policy Documents and Evidence
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Other Relevant EvidenceThe Scottish
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185SUBSTANCE USE
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Notes on InterpretationNote 1: The
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Maternal Smoking at First Registrat
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Table 32. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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National Institute for Health and C
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2. Proportion of babies born to mot
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Table 37. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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Figure 93. Proportion of Year 10 St
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Figure 95. Proportion of Year 10 St
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TOBACCO USE IN YOUNG PEOPLEIntroduc
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Figure 96. Daily Smoking Rates in Y
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2009 New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey
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Source of Tobacco in the Last Month
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Carson KV, et al. 2011. Community i
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Other Relevant PublicationsMāori A
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Other Cochrane Systematic Reviews o
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ALCOHOL-RELATED HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS
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Figure 100. Alcohol-Related Hospita
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Table 45. Listed External Causes of
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Midland Region Distribution and Tre
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Shults RA, et al. 2009. Effectivene
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Mortality from conditions with a so
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Table 50. Mortality from Conditions
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Figure 105. Hospital Admissions for
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Table 55. Hospital Admissions for C
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Table 57. Hospital Admissions for C
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Midland Region Distribution by Caus
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INFANT MORTALITY AND SUDDEN UNEXPEC
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 111. Total Infant Mortality,
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Table 62. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Table 65. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Distribution by Ethnicity, NZ Depri
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Figure 116. Sudden Unexpected Death
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Vennemann M, et al. 2007. Do immuni
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with a review of interventions aime
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deprivation in some parts of the wo
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who delay a second pregnancy by two
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Family ViolenceDefinitions and New
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need for multidisciplinary interven
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6 days to determine gestational age
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In New Zealand, information on fact
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post intervention. Engagement in ed
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antenatal care, including two nutri
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throughout pregnancy, birth and the
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Alcohol and Other DrugsNational and
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Zealand had a number of specialist
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in one Cochrane review [274] (see p
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interventions to treat antenatal de
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In ConclusionWhile it is hoped that
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Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
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Other Systematic ReviewsLouwers ECF
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INJURIES ARISING FROM ASSAULT IN YO
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New Zealand Distribution by Age and
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Flood M & Fergus L. 2008. An Assaul
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Note 2: The numbers in this section
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Table 78. Number of Notifications t
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Table 80. Outcome of Assessment for
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Table 82. Number of Notifications R
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Table 84. Outcome of Assessment for
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Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
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Family Violence Investigations Wher
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Table 90. Local Policy Documents an
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Stover CS, et al. 2009. Interventio
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348
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oader contextual influences on the
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In addition, Table 112 on Page 414
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Williams SB, et al. 2009. Screening
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Ministries of Education, Health, Ju
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Figure 129. Children and Young Peop
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Table 92. Children Aged 0-14 Years
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IN-DEPTH TOPIC: MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE
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this [350]. The review stated that
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psychotic disorders including first
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Social Workers in SchoolsIn 2011 th
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Children or young people with sever
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EpidemiologyThe 2009 review by Meri
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A diagnosis of conduct disorder acc
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programme using a questionnaire. Si
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developmentally appropriate diagnos
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playthings or the environment, appe
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state more than it cost) provided t
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 97. Children and Young People
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Midland Region DistributionChildren
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 101. Hospital Admissions for
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Numbers Accessing Services by Diagn
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Table 103. Young People Aged 15-24
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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Midland Region DistributionAmongst
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Fletcher A, et al. 2008. School Eff
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 138. Mortality from Suicide
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Figure 139. Mortality from Suicide
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Ougrin D & Latif S. 2011. Specific
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426
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428
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Guide to Community Preventive Servi
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information on all of the events oc
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3. In addition, some providers admi
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as in the majority of the analyses
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APPENDIX 5: THE NATIONAL MORTALITYC
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As a result of these changes, there
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2. Research also suggests that ethn
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APPENDIX 8: POLICE AREA BOUNDARIESF
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Figure 142. Police Area Boundaries
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3. The condition exhibits a socioec
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REFERENCES1. Children's Commissione
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33. Mackay R. 2005. The Impact of F
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71. Ministry of Health. 2011. Immun
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107. ASH New Zealand. 2011. Nationa
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141. Child and Youth Mortality Revi
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175. Pihama L. 2011. Overview of M
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208. King-Hele S, Webb RT, Mortense
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244. Nelson Marlborough District He
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274. Ramsay J, Carter Y, Davidson L
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306. Jewkes R. 2002. Intimate partn
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347. Heflinger CA, Hinshaw SP. 2010
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376. Ministry of Education. 2012. W
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410. Ministry of Health. 2001. New
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443. Zeanah PD, Bailey LO, Berry S.
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480. Weinberg MK, Olson KL, Beeghly
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