This annual report - Taranaki District Health Board

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INJURIES ARISING FROM ASSAULT IN YOUNGPEOPLEIntroductionIn 2007, the Youth’07 survey of 9,107 secondary school students from across NewZealand, assessed self-reported experiences of violence [290]. It found that while violentand anti-social behaviours had reduced since an earlier 2001 survey, experiences ofviolence were common. Overall, 47.9% of male students and 33.2% of female studentsreported having been deliberately hit or physically harmed, and 40.9% of male studentsand 26.8 % of female students reported having hit or physically harmed someone else.Being exposed to violence in the home, at school, or in the community, was stronglyassociated with instigating violence against others and being a victim of violence, both ofwhich in turn were linked to binge drinking.Viewed from a different perspective, the rate of Police apprehensions for violent offendingincreased for all age groups from 14 to 50 years between 1997 and 2007 [291]. The mostmarked increases were seen among those aged 14 to 16 years, with the rate peaking at194 per 10,000 population in 2007, compared to 167 per 10,000 population in 1995 [292].However, it is unclear whether this increase represents a true increase in violence,changes in reporting and policing practices, or a combination of these factors. Further,apprehension data represents the number of apprehensions, rather than the number ofoffenders, and excludes violence that is not officially reported or recorded [291].With these issues in mind, the following section explores hospital admissions and mortalityfrom injuries arising from assault in young people aged 15–24 years using information fromthe National Minimum Dataset and the National Mortality Collection.Data Source and MethodsDefinition1. Hospitalisations for injuries arising from assault in young people aged 15–24 years2. Deaths from injuries arising from assault in young people aged 15–24 yearsData Source1. Hospital AdmissionsNumerator: National Minimum Dataset: Hospital admissions in young people aged 15–24 years with a primarydiagnosis of injury (ICD-10-AM S00–T79) and an external cause code of intentional injury (ICD-10-AM X85–Y09) in any of the first 10 External Cause codes. As outlined in Appendix 3, in order to ensure comparabilityover time, all cases with an Emergency Department Specialty Code (M05–M08) on discharge were excluded.Denominator: NZ Statistics NZ Estimated Resident Population (projected from 2007)2. MortalityNumerator: National Mortality Collection: Deaths in young people aged 15–24 years with a clinical code (causeof death) of Intentional Injury (ICD-10-AM X85–Y09).Denominator: NZ Statistics NZ Estimated Resident Population (projected from 2007)InterpretationThe limitations of the National Minimum Dataset are discussed at length in Appendix 3. The reader is urged toreview this Appendix before interpreting any trends based on hospital admission data.New Zealand Distribution and TrendsNew Zealand TrendsIn New Zealand during 2000–2011, hospital admissions for injuries arising from assault inyoung people remained relatively static, while mortality during 2000–2009 fluctuated fromyear to year. On average during 2000–2009, 12.5 young people per year died from injuriesarising from an assault (Figure 121).Assault in Young People - 320
Figure 121. Hospital Admissions (2000–2011) and Deaths (2000–2009) due to InjuriesArising from Assault in New Zealand Young People Aged 15–24 YearsAdmissions per 100,000 (15−24 Years)25020015010050Number Assault DeathsAssault Admission RateAssault Mortality Rate330.52525 2715002000–01 2002–03 2004–05 2006–07 2008–09 2010–11YearSource: Numerator: Admissions: National Minimum Dataset; Mortality: National Mortality Collection;Denominator: Statistics NZ Estimated Resident Population (projected from 2007); Note: Number of deaths areper two year periodFigure 122. Hospital Admissions (2007–2011) and Deaths (2005–2009) due to InjuriesArising from Assault in New Zealand Children and Young People by Age and Gender600500Male Assault MortalityFemale Assault MortalityMale Assault AdmissionsFemale Assault Admissions54.543.532.521.5165Mortality per 100,000 15−24 YearsAdmissions per 100,000400300200432Mortality per 100,000100100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Age (Years)Source: Numerator: Admissions; National Minimum Dataset; Mortality: National Mortality Collection;Denominator: Statistics NZ Estimated Resident Population (projected from 2007)0Assault in Young People - 321
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Cover Artwork: Long-tailed Blue But
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Gross Dome
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Figure 41. Number of Students Invol
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Figure 85. Proportion of Babies Bor
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Figure 127. Relationship Between th
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Table 21. Policy Documents Relevant
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWIntroducti
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three then reviews mental health is
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Table 1. Overview of the Determinan
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Stream Indicator New Zealand Distri
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47MACROECONOMICINDICATORS
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Expenditure-based Measure of GDPThe
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Gini Coefficient: The Lorenz curve
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CHILD POVERTY AND LIVING STANDARDSI
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After Housing Costs (AHC)Relative P
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Figure 8. Proportion of Dependent C
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14 Items (Enforced Lacks) are inclu
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Local Policy Documents and Evidence
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Other Relevant New Zealand Evidence
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UNEMPLOYMENT RATESIntroductionIn th
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Figure 12. Unemployment Rates by Ag
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Unemployment Rates by Qualification
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Figure 18. Quarterly Unemployment R
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CHILDREN RELIANT ON BENEFIT RECIPIE
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Table 4. Number of Children Aged 0-
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Table 5. Number of Children Aged 0-
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YOUNG PEOPLE RELIANT ON BENEFITSInt
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Table 7. Number of Young People Age
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New Zealand Distribution by Ethnici
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Figure 25. Young People Aged 16-24
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Table 10. Number of Young People Ag
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HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION91
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Data Source and MethodsDefinitionPr
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Figure 29. Proportion of Children A
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Robertson J, et al. 2006. Review of
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Canadian National Occupancy Standar
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Figure 33. Proportion of Children a
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Other Relevant EvidenceMarmot Revie
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Note 2: The number of new school en
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Figure 36. Proportion of New Entran
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Sylva K, et al. 2004 The Effective
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Table 15. Enrolments in Māori Medi
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Table 16. Number of Students (Māor
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Local Policy Documents which Consid
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HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AT S
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Figure 43. Highest Educational Atta
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Figure 46. Highest Educational Atta
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SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL RETENTION A
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Participation in Tertiary Education
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Midland Region Distribution and Tre
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The following section uses informat
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Figure 54. Age-Standardised Rates o
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Figure 56. Age-Standardised School
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TRUANCY AND UNJUSTIFIED ABSENCESInt
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Figure 60. Total Unjustified Absenc
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Figure 63. Total Unjustified Absenc
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152
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154
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Table 22. The National Immunisation
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Figure 64. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 67. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 71. Immunisation Coverage at
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Soares-Weiser K, et al. 2012. Vacci
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Briss PA, et al. 2000. Reviews of e
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Data Sources and MethodsIndicatorPr
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Figure 75. Proportion of New Zealan
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Proportion Receiving Core Contacts
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Figure 81. Proportion of Babies who
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The B4 School CheckThe B4 School Ch
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Other Relevant EvidenceThe Scottish
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185SUBSTANCE USE
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Notes on InterpretationNote 1: The
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Maternal Smoking at First Registrat
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Table 32. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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National Institute for Health and C
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2. Proportion of babies born to mot
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Table 37. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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Figure 93. Proportion of Year 10 St
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Figure 95. Proportion of Year 10 St
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TOBACCO USE IN YOUNG PEOPLEIntroduc
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Figure 96. Daily Smoking Rates in Y
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2009 New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey
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Source of Tobacco in the Last Month
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Carson KV, et al. 2011. Community i
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Other Relevant PublicationsMāori A
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Other Cochrane Systematic Reviews o
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ALCOHOL-RELATED HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS
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Figure 100. Alcohol-Related Hospita
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Table 45. Listed External Causes of
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Shults RA, et al. 2009. Effectivene
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Mortality from conditions with a so
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Table 50. Mortality from Conditions
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Figure 105. Hospital Admissions for
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Table 55. Hospital Admissions for C
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Table 57. Hospital Admissions for C
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Midland Region Distribution by Caus
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Figure 107. Hospital Admissions for
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INFANT MORTALITY AND SUDDEN UNEXPEC
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 111. Total Infant Mortality,
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Table 62. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Table 65. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Page 278 and 279: with a review of interventions aime
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Page 284 and 285: Family ViolenceDefinitions and New
Page 286 and 287: need for multidisciplinary interven
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Page 294 and 295: antenatal care, including two nutri
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Page 298 and 299: Alcohol and Other DrugsNational and
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Page 306 and 307: In ConclusionWhile it is hoped that
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Page 310 and 311: Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
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Page 314 and 315: Midland Region Distribution and Tre
Page 316 and 317: Local Policy Documents and Evidence
Page 318 and 319: Other Systematic ReviewsLouwers ECF
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Page 340 and 341: Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
Page 342 and 343: Family Violence Investigations Wher
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Page 352 and 353: oader contextual influences on the
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Page 356 and 357: Williams SB, et al. 2009. Screening
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Page 368 and 369: IN-DEPTH TOPIC: MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE
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this [350]. The review stated that
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psychotic disorders including first
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Social Workers in SchoolsIn 2011 th
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Children or young people with sever
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EpidemiologyThe 2009 review by Meri
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A diagnosis of conduct disorder acc
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programme using a questionnaire. Si
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developmentally appropriate diagnos
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playthings or the environment, appe
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state more than it cost) provided t
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 97. Children and Young People
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Midland Region DistributionChildren
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 101. Hospital Admissions for
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Numbers Accessing Services by Diagn
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Table 103. Young People Aged 15-24
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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Midland Region DistributionAmongst
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Fletcher A, et al. 2008. School Eff
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 138. Mortality from Suicide
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Figure 139. Mortality from Suicide
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Ougrin D & Latif S. 2011. Specific
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426
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428
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Guide to Community Preventive Servi
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information on all of the events oc
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3. In addition, some providers admi
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as in the majority of the analyses
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APPENDIX 5: THE NATIONAL MORTALITYC
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As a result of these changes, there
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2. Research also suggests that ethn
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APPENDIX 8: POLICE AREA BOUNDARIESF
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Figure 142. Police Area Boundaries
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3. The condition exhibits a socioec
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REFERENCES1. Children's Commissione
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33. Mackay R. 2005. The Impact of F
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71. Ministry of Health. 2011. Immun
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107. ASH New Zealand. 2011. Nationa
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141. Child and Youth Mortality Revi
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175. Pihama L. 2011. Overview of M
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208. King-Hele S, Webb RT, Mortense
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244. Nelson Marlborough District He
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274. Ramsay J, Carter Y, Davidson L
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306. Jewkes R. 2002. Intimate partn
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347. Heflinger CA, Hinshaw SP. 2010
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376. Ministry of Education. 2012. W
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410. Ministry of Health. 2001. New
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443. Zeanah PD, Bailey LO, Berry S.
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480. Weinberg MK, Olson KL, Beeghly
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