This annual report - Taranaki District Health Board

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Expenditure-based Measure of GDPThe expenditure-based measure of GDP, released concurrently with the production-basedmeasure, increased by 0.3% in the June quarter of 2012. During this period, householdconsumption expenditure increased by 0.2%, while export volumes were down 1.2% andimports were down 2.9%. On an <strong>annual</strong> basis, expenditure on GDP for the year endingJune 2012 increased by 1.7%, when compared to the year ending June 2011 [4].Figure 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Percentage Change from Previous Quarter,New Zealand March Quarter 2006 to June Quarter 201221.5% Change from Previous Quarter10.50-0.5-1-1.5-21 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 22006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Year (Quarter)Source: Statistics New Zealand; Seasonally adjusted chain volume series expressed in 1995/96 pricesLocal Policy Documents and Evidence-Based ReviewsRelevant to the Economic Environment for ChildrenTable 3 on Page 62 considers local policy documents and evidence-based reviews whichare relevant to the social policy environment and the socioeconomic determinants of childand youth health.Gross Domestic Product - 50
INCOME INEQUALITYIntroductionThere has been much debate regarding the influence of income inequality on populationhealth. While it is widely acknowledged that poverty plays a crucial role in shaping healthdisparities, authors such as Wilkinson and Marmot [5] argue that income inequality itselfalso plays a role, via its links to psychosocial pathways associated with relativedisadvantage. They cite the Whitehall studies of British civil servants, which found thatmortality increased in a stepwise manner as relative socioeconomic status decreased, withsocial gradients being evident even amongst those who were not poor. In addition, theynote that while health inequalities exist within societies, there is little association betweenaverage income (GDP per capita) and life expectancy across rich countries. Rather, thereappears to be a strong correlation between income inequality and mortality. In Wilkinsonand Marmot’s view, such associations suggest that it is not absolute material deprivationwhich shapes health at the population level, but rather the effects such inequalities haveon psychosocial outcomes such as the degree of control over work, anxiety, depressionand social affiliations. In support of this argument, they cite a number of studies whichdemonstrate social gradients in the lack of control over work, low variety at work and asevere lack of social support, with animal experiments also suggesting that low socialstatus, via its effects on neuroendocrine pathways, leads to atherosclerosis, unfavourablelipid profiles, central obesity, insulin resistance and raised basal cortisol [5].Others such as Lynch [6] however, would argue that it is not the psychological effects ofincome inequality which play the greatest role, but rather the lack of material resources(e.g. differentials in access to adequate nutrition, housing and healthcare), coupled with asystematic underinvestment in human, physical, health and social infrastructure (e.g. thetypes and quality of education, health services, transportation, recreational facilities andpublic housing available). In Lynch’s view, the combination of these negative exposures isparticularly important for the health of the most disadvantaged (who have the fewestindividual resources), and that in this context, the associations between income inequalityand health are not inevitable, but rather are contingent on the level of public infrastructureand resources available. While debate on the precise pathways continues, both sides ofthe income inequality argument agree, that reducing income inequality by raising incomesfor the most disadvantaged, will improve population health [7].The following section explores income inequalities in New Zealand since 1982 using twodifferent measures, the P80/P20 Ratio and the Gini Coefficient.Definition1. Income Inequality as measured by the P80/P20 Ratio2. Income Inequality as measured by the Gini CoefficientData SourceStatistics New Zealand Household Economic Surveys (NZHES n=2,800–3,500 households per survey) viaPerry 2012 [8].Note: The P80/P20 Ratio and Gini coefficient are monitored by the Ministry of Social Development usingNZHES data which was available 2-yearly from 1982 to 1998, and 3-yearly thereafter. Since 2007, incomedata has become available <strong>annual</strong>ly through the new NZHES Incomes Survey. The full NZHES (includingexpenditure data) however remains 3-yearly. For more detail on methodology used see Perry 2012 [8].Notes on InterpretationP80/P20Ratio: When individuals are ranked by equivalised household income and then divided into 100 equalgroups, each group is called a percentile. If the ranking starts with the lowest income, then the income at thetop of the 20 th percentile is denoted P20 and the income at the top of the 80 th percentile is called P80. The ratioof the value at the top of the 80 th percentile to the value at the top of the 20 th percentile is called the P80/20ratio and is often used as a measure of income inequality (e.g. a P80/20 ratio of 3.0 indicates that those at thetop of the 80 th percentile have incomes 3.0x higher than those at the top of the 20 th percentile). In general, thehigher the ratio, the greater is the level of inequality [8].Income Inequality - 51
Page 4 and 5: Cover Artwork: Long-tailed Blue But
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Gross Dome
Page 9 and 10: Figure 41. Number of Students Invol
Page 11 and 12: Figure 85. Proportion of Babies Bor
Page 13 and 14: Figure 127. Relationship Between th
Page 15: Table 21. Policy Documents Relevant
Page 19: Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWIntroducti
Page 25 and 26: three then reviews mental health is
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Overview of the Determinan
Page 29 and 30: Stream Indicator New Zealand Distri
Page 43: Stream Indicator New Zealand Distri
Page 47: 47MACROECONOMICINDICATORS
Page 52 and 53: Gini Coefficient: The Lorenz curve
Page 54 and 55: CHILD POVERTY AND LIVING STANDARDSI
Page 56 and 57: After Housing Costs (AHC)Relative P
Page 58 and 59: Figure 8. Proportion of Dependent C
Page 60 and 61: 14 Items (Enforced Lacks) are inclu
Page 62 and 63: Local Policy Documents and Evidence
Page 64 and 65: Other Relevant New Zealand Evidence
Page 66 and 67: UNEMPLOYMENT RATESIntroductionIn th
Page 68 and 69: Figure 12. Unemployment Rates by Ag
Page 70 and 71: Unemployment Rates by Qualification
Page 72 and 73: Figure 18. Quarterly Unemployment R
Page 74 and 75: CHILDREN RELIANT ON BENEFIT RECIPIE
Page 76 and 77: Table 4. Number of Children Aged 0-
Page 78 and 79: Table 5. Number of Children Aged 0-
Page 80 and 81: YOUNG PEOPLE RELIANT ON BENEFITSInt
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Number of Young People Age
Page 84 and 85: New Zealand Distribution by Ethnici
Page 86 and 87: Figure 25. Young People Aged 16-24
Page 88 and 89: Table 10. Number of Young People Ag
Page 91: HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION91
Page 94 and 95: Data Source and MethodsDefinitionPr
Page 96 and 97: Figure 29. Proportion of Children A
Page 98 and 99: Robertson J, et al. 2006. Review of
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Canadian National Occupancy Standar
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Figure 33. Proportion of Children a
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Other Relevant EvidenceMarmot Revie
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106
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108
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Note 2: The number of new school en
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Figure 36. Proportion of New Entran
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Local Policy Documents and Evidence
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Sylva K, et al. 2004 The Effective
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Table 15. Enrolments in Māori Medi
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Table 16. Number of Students (Māor
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Local Policy Documents which Consid
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HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AT S
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Figure 43. Highest Educational Atta
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Figure 46. Highest Educational Atta
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SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL RETENTION A
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Participation in Tertiary Education
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Midland Region Distribution and Tre
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The following section uses informat
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Figure 54. Age-Standardised Rates o
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Figure 56. Age-Standardised School
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TRUANCY AND UNJUSTIFIED ABSENCESInt
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Figure 60. Total Unjustified Absenc
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Figure 63. Total Unjustified Absenc
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152
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154
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156
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Table 22. The National Immunisation
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Figure 64. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 67. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 71. Immunisation Coverage at
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Soares-Weiser K, et al. 2012. Vacci
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Briss PA, et al. 2000. Reviews of e
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Data Sources and MethodsIndicatorPr
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Figure 75. Proportion of New Zealan
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Proportion Receiving Core Contacts
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Figure 81. Proportion of Babies who
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The B4 School CheckThe B4 School Ch
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Other Relevant EvidenceThe Scottish
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185SUBSTANCE USE
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Notes on InterpretationNote 1: The
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Maternal Smoking at First Registrat
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Figure 86. Proportion of Babies Bor
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Table 32. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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National Institute for Health and C
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2. Proportion of babies born to mot
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Table 37. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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Figure 93. Proportion of Year 10 St
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Figure 95. Proportion of Year 10 St
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TOBACCO USE IN YOUNG PEOPLEIntroduc
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Figure 96. Daily Smoking Rates in Y
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2009 New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey
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Source of Tobacco in the Last Month
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Carson KV, et al. 2011. Community i
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Other Relevant PublicationsMāori A
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Other Cochrane Systematic Reviews o
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ALCOHOL-RELATED HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS
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Figure 100. Alcohol-Related Hospita
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Table 45. Listed External Causes of
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Shults RA, et al. 2009. Effectivene
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238
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240
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242
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Mortality from conditions with a so
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Table 50. Mortality from Conditions
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Figure 105. Hospital Admissions for
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Table 55. Hospital Admissions for C
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Table 57. Hospital Admissions for C
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Midland Region Distribution by Caus
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INFANT MORTALITY AND SUDDEN UNEXPEC
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 111. Total Infant Mortality,
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Table 62. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Table 65. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Distribution by Ethnicity, NZ Depri
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Figure 116. Sudden Unexpected Death
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Vennemann M, et al. 2007. Do immuni
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276
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with a review of interventions aime
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deprivation in some parts of the wo
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who delay a second pregnancy by two
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Family ViolenceDefinitions and New
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need for multidisciplinary interven
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6 days to determine gestational age
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In New Zealand, information on fact
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post intervention. Engagement in ed
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antenatal care, including two nutri
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throughout pregnancy, birth and the
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Alcohol and Other DrugsNational and
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Zealand had a number of specialist
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in one Cochrane review [274] (see p
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interventions to treat antenatal de
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In ConclusionWhile it is hoped that
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308
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Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
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Other Systematic ReviewsLouwers ECF
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INJURIES ARISING FROM ASSAULT IN YO
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New Zealand Distribution by Age and
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Flood M & Fergus L. 2008. An Assaul
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Note 2: The numbers in this section
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Table 78. Number of Notifications t
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Table 80. Outcome of Assessment for
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Table 82. Number of Notifications R
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Table 84. Outcome of Assessment for
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Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
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Family Violence Investigations Wher
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Table 90. Local Policy Documents an
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Stover CS, et al. 2009. Interventio
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348
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350
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oader contextual influences on the
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In addition, Table 112 on Page 414
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Williams SB, et al. 2009. Screening
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Ministries of Education, Health, Ju
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Figure 129. Children and Young Peop
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Table 92. Children Aged 0-14 Years
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IN-DEPTH TOPIC: MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE
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this [350]. The review stated that
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psychotic disorders including first
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Social Workers in SchoolsIn 2011 th
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Children or young people with sever
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EpidemiologyThe 2009 review by Meri
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A diagnosis of conduct disorder acc
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programme using a questionnaire. Si
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developmentally appropriate diagnos
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playthings or the environment, appe
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state more than it cost) provided t
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 97. Children and Young People
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Midland Region DistributionChildren
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 101. Hospital Admissions for
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Numbers Accessing Services by Diagn
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Table 103. Young People Aged 15-24
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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Midland Region DistributionAmongst
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Fletcher A, et al. 2008. School Eff
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 138. Mortality from Suicide
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Figure 139. Mortality from Suicide
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Ougrin D & Latif S. 2011. Specific
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426
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428
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Guide to Community Preventive Servi
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information on all of the events oc
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3. In addition, some providers admi
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as in the majority of the analyses
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APPENDIX 5: THE NATIONAL MORTALITYC
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As a result of these changes, there
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2. Research also suggests that ethn
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APPENDIX 8: POLICE AREA BOUNDARIESF
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Figure 142. Police Area Boundaries
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3. The condition exhibits a socioec
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REFERENCES1. Children's Commissione
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33. Mackay R. 2005. The Impact of F
Page 454 and 455:
71. Ministry of Health. 2011. Immun
Page 456 and 457:
107. ASH New Zealand. 2011. Nationa
Page 458 and 459:
141. Child and Youth Mortality Revi
Page 460 and 461:
175. Pihama L. 2011. Overview of M
Page 462 and 463:
208. King-Hele S, Webb RT, Mortense
Page 464 and 465:
244. Nelson Marlborough District He
Page 466 and 467:
274. Ramsay J, Carter Y, Davidson L
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306. Jewkes R. 2002. Intimate partn
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347. Heflinger CA, Hinshaw SP. 2010
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376. Ministry of Education. 2012. W
Page 474 and 475:
410. Ministry of Health. 2001. New
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443. Zeanah PD, Bailey LO, Berry S.
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480. Weinberg MK, Olson KL, Beeghly
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