This annual report - Taranaki District Health Board

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The following section uses information from the Ministry of Education’s Stand-down andSuspension database to review the proportion of students who were stood-down,suspended, excluded or expelled from school during 2000–2011.Data Source and MethodsDefinitionInformation in this section is based on four Ministry of Education Student Participation Indicators which aredefined as follows:Stand-downs: A school principal may consider the formal removal of a student from school for a period of upto five school days. A stand-down can total no more than five school days in any term, or 10 days in a schoolyear. Students return automatically to school following a stand-down.Suspensions: A suspension is the formal removal of a student from school until the school Board of Trusteesdecides the outcome at a suspension meeting. Following a suspension, the Board of Trustees decides how toaddress the student’s misbehaviour. The Board can either lift the suspension (with or without conditions),extend the suspension (with conditions), or terminate the student's enrolment at the school.Exclusions and Expulsions: If a student is under 16 years, the Board of Trustees may decide to excludethem from the school, with the requirement that they enrol elsewhere. This decision is arrived at only in themost serious cases. If the student is aged 16 or over, the Board may decide to expel them from the school, andthe student may enrol at another school. Exclusions and expulsions may lead to difficulties being accepted intoother schools and may result in students accessing correspondence schooling, entering alternative educationor dropping out of the education system altogether.Data SourceMinistry of Educationhttp://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/indicators/main/student-engagement-participation/80346Numerator: Total number of Stand-downs, Suspensions, Exclusions and Expulsions, per year of ageDenominator: Number of students on the school roll as at July 1st, per year of ageThe following students were excluded from the analysis: Students from schools not receiving public funding;students at Correspondence School; adult students (older than 19); and international fee-paying students.Notes on InterpretationNote 1: Data were obtained from the Ministry of Education's Stand-down and Suspension database, which wasdeveloped in 1999, after the introduction of the Education (Suspension) Rules 1999. Rates were calculated bydividing the number of stand-downs, suspensions, exclusions or expulsions per individual year of age duringthe school year by the number of students on the school roll at July 1st, per individual year of age. All figureswere then age standardised by the Ministry of Education, so that all subgroups in all years had the same agestructure. In this process, the expected number of stand-downs, suspensions, exclusions and expulsions werecalculated by looking at the age-dependence of each outcome nationally over each year, and then applyingthis to the age structure and population of respective schools. The age-standardised rate for each DHB wascalculated by multiplying the 2011 national rate by the ratio of observed to expected outcomes for each DHB.As such, the standardised rate is an artificial measure, but does provide an estimate of how groups mightcompare over time if they had the same age distribution [61].Note 2: As a number of students were stood-down, suspended, excluded or expelled on more than oneoccasion, the number of individual students experiencing these outcomes may be less than the number ofcases reported in these figures.Note 3: Ethnicity is Level 1 Prioritised (i.e. one ethnic group per student)New Zealand Distribution and TrendsNew Zealand TrendsIn New Zealand during 2000–2011, suspension rates gradually declined, while stand-downrates increased, reached a peak in 2006 and then declined. Exclusion and expulsion rateswere more static. Throughout this period, the number of stand-downs greatly exceeded thenumber of suspensions, which in turn exceeded the number of exclusions and expulsions(Figure 52).Distribution of Stand-downs and Suspensions by EthnicityIn New Zealand during 2000–2011, stand-down and suspension rates were higher forMāori > Pacific > European > Asian students. Stand-down rates for Māori, Pacific andEuropean students declined after 2006, with the largest declines in absolute terms beingseen for Māori and Pacific students. Suspension rates also declined for all ethnic groupsduring 2000–2011, with the largest declines in absolute terms again being seen for Māoristudents (Figure 53).Stand-downs Suspensions Exclusions and Expulsions - 138
Figure 52. Age-Standardised Rates of Stand-downs, Suspensions, Exclusions andExpulsions, New Zealand 2000–2011Age-Standardised Rate per 1,000 Students403530252015105Stand-downsSuspensionsExclusionsExpulsions02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Source: Ministry of EducationFigure 53. Age-Standardised Rates of Stand-downs and Suspensions by Ethnicity, NewZealand 2000–2011Age-Standardised Rate per 1,000 Students70605040302010MāoriPacificEuropeanAsian0200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011Stand-downsSource: Ministry of Education; Note: Ethnicity is Level 1 PrioritisedSuspensionsStand-downs Suspensions Exclusions and Expulsions - 139
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Cover Artwork: Long-tailed Blue But
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Gross Dome
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Figure 41. Number of Students Invol
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Figure 85. Proportion of Babies Bor
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Figure 127. Relationship Between th
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Table 21. Policy Documents Relevant
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWIntroducti
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three then reviews mental health is
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Table 1. Overview of the Determinan
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Stream Indicator New Zealand Distri
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47MACROECONOMICINDICATORS
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Expenditure-based Measure of GDPThe
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Gini Coefficient: The Lorenz curve
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CHILD POVERTY AND LIVING STANDARDSI
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After Housing Costs (AHC)Relative P
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Figure 8. Proportion of Dependent C
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14 Items (Enforced Lacks) are inclu
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Local Policy Documents and Evidence
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Other Relevant New Zealand Evidence
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UNEMPLOYMENT RATESIntroductionIn th
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Figure 12. Unemployment Rates by Ag
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Unemployment Rates by Qualification
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Figure 18. Quarterly Unemployment R
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CHILDREN RELIANT ON BENEFIT RECIPIE
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Table 4. Number of Children Aged 0-
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Table 5. Number of Children Aged 0-
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YOUNG PEOPLE RELIANT ON BENEFITSInt
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Table 7. Number of Young People Age
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New Zealand Distribution by Ethnici
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Figure 25. Young People Aged 16-24
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Page 91: HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION91
Page 94 and 95: Data Source and MethodsDefinitionPr
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Page 98 and 99: Robertson J, et al. 2006. Review of
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Page 104 and 105: Other Relevant EvidenceMarmot Revie
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Page 114 and 115: Local Policy Documents and Evidence
Page 116 and 117: Sylva K, et al. 2004 The Effective
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Page 120 and 121: Table 16. Number of Students (Māor
Page 122 and 123: Local Policy Documents which Consid
Page 124 and 125: HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AT S
Page 126 and 127: Figure 43. Highest Educational Atta
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Page 132 and 133: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL RETENTION A
Page 134 and 135: Participation in Tertiary Education
Page 136 and 137: Midland Region Distribution and Tre
Page 140 and 141: Figure 54. Age-Standardised Rates o
Page 142 and 143: Figure 56. Age-Standardised School
Page 146 and 147: TRUANCY AND UNJUSTIFIED ABSENCESInt
Page 148 and 149: Figure 60. Total Unjustified Absenc
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Page 158 and 159: Table 22. The National Immunisation
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Page 167 and 168: Soares-Weiser K, et al. 2012. Vacci
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Page 171 and 172: Data Sources and MethodsIndicatorPr
Page 173 and 174: Figure 75. Proportion of New Zealan
Page 175 and 176: Proportion Receiving Core Contacts
Page 177 and 178: Figure 81. Proportion of Babies who
Page 179 and 180: The B4 School CheckThe B4 School Ch
Page 183 and 184: Other Relevant EvidenceThe Scottish
Page 185 and 186: 185SUBSTANCE USE
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Notes on InterpretationNote 1: The
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Maternal Smoking at First Registrat
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Table 32. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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National Institute for Health and C
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2. Proportion of babies born to mot
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Table 37. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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Figure 93. Proportion of Year 10 St
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Figure 95. Proportion of Year 10 St
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TOBACCO USE IN YOUNG PEOPLEIntroduc
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Figure 96. Daily Smoking Rates in Y
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2009 New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey
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Source of Tobacco in the Last Month
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Carson KV, et al. 2011. Community i
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Other Relevant PublicationsMāori A
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Other Cochrane Systematic Reviews o
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ALCOHOL-RELATED HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS
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Figure 100. Alcohol-Related Hospita
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Table 45. Listed External Causes of
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Midland Region Distribution and Tre
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Shults RA, et al. 2009. Effectivene
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Mortality from conditions with a so
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Table 50. Mortality from Conditions
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Figure 105. Hospital Admissions for
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Table 55. Hospital Admissions for C
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Table 57. Hospital Admissions for C
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Midland Region Distribution by Caus
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INFANT MORTALITY AND SUDDEN UNEXPEC
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 111. Total Infant Mortality,
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Table 62. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Table 65. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Distribution by Ethnicity, NZ Depri
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Figure 116. Sudden Unexpected Death
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Vennemann M, et al. 2007. Do immuni
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with a review of interventions aime
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deprivation in some parts of the wo
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who delay a second pregnancy by two
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Family ViolenceDefinitions and New
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need for multidisciplinary interven
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6 days to determine gestational age
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In New Zealand, information on fact
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post intervention. Engagement in ed
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antenatal care, including two nutri
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throughout pregnancy, birth and the
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Alcohol and Other DrugsNational and
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Zealand had a number of specialist
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in one Cochrane review [274] (see p
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interventions to treat antenatal de
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In ConclusionWhile it is hoped that
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Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
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Other Systematic ReviewsLouwers ECF
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INJURIES ARISING FROM ASSAULT IN YO
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New Zealand Distribution by Age and
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Flood M & Fergus L. 2008. An Assaul
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Note 2: The numbers in this section
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Table 78. Number of Notifications t
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Table 80. Outcome of Assessment for
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Table 82. Number of Notifications R
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Table 84. Outcome of Assessment for
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Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
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Family Violence Investigations Wher
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Table 90. Local Policy Documents an
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Stover CS, et al. 2009. Interventio
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348
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350
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oader contextual influences on the
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In addition, Table 112 on Page 414
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Williams SB, et al. 2009. Screening
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Ministries of Education, Health, Ju
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Figure 129. Children and Young Peop
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Table 92. Children Aged 0-14 Years
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IN-DEPTH TOPIC: MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE
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this [350]. The review stated that
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psychotic disorders including first
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Social Workers in SchoolsIn 2011 th
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Children or young people with sever
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EpidemiologyThe 2009 review by Meri
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A diagnosis of conduct disorder acc
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programme using a questionnaire. Si
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developmentally appropriate diagnos
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playthings or the environment, appe
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state more than it cost) provided t
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 97. Children and Young People
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Midland Region DistributionChildren
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 101. Hospital Admissions for
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Numbers Accessing Services by Diagn
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Table 103. Young People Aged 15-24
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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Midland Region DistributionAmongst
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Fletcher A, et al. 2008. School Eff
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 138. Mortality from Suicide
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Figure 139. Mortality from Suicide
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Ougrin D & Latif S. 2011. Specific
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426
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428
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Guide to Community Preventive Servi
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information on all of the events oc
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3. In addition, some providers admi
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as in the majority of the analyses
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APPENDIX 5: THE NATIONAL MORTALITYC
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As a result of these changes, there
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2. Research also suggests that ethn
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APPENDIX 8: POLICE AREA BOUNDARIESF
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Figure 142. Police Area Boundaries
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3. The condition exhibits a socioec
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REFERENCES1. Children's Commissione
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33. Mackay R. 2005. The Impact of F
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71. Ministry of Health. 2011. Immun
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107. ASH New Zealand. 2011. Nationa
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141. Child and Youth Mortality Revi
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175. Pihama L. 2011. Overview of M
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208. King-Hele S, Webb RT, Mortense
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244. Nelson Marlborough District He
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274. Ramsay J, Carter Y, Davidson L
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306. Jewkes R. 2002. Intimate partn
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347. Heflinger CA, Hinshaw SP. 2010
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376. Ministry of Education. 2012. W
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410. Ministry of Health. 2001. New
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443. Zeanah PD, Bailey LO, Berry S.
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480. Weinberg MK, Olson KL, Beeghly
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