This annual report - Taranaki District Health Board

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Figure 8. Proportion of Dependent Children Aged 0–17 Years Living Below the 60%Income Poverty Threshold After Housing Costs by Household Type, New Zealand1984−2011 HES Years% of Children Below Threshold12010080604020Children in Sole Parent HH: 60% 1998 MedianChildren in Two Parent HH: 60% 1998 MedianChildren in Sole Parent HH: 60% 2007 MedianChildren in Two Parent HH: 60% 2007 Median019841986198819901992199419961998200120042007200920102011HES Year (After Housing Costs)Source: Perry 2012 [8], derived from Statistics NZ Household Economic Survey (HES) 1984–2011Figure 9. Proportion of Dependent Children Aged 0–17 Years Living Below the 60%Income Poverty Threshold After Housing Costs, by Work Status of Adults in theHousehold, New Zealand 1984–2011 HES Years% of Children Below Threshold12010080604020Workless: 60% 1998 MedianNone Full-Time: 60% 1998 MedianSelf-Employed: 60% 1998 MedianWorkless: 60% 2007 MedianNone Full-Time: 60% 2007 MedianSelf-Employed: 60% 2007 Median1+ Full-Time: 60% 1998 Median 1+ Full-Time: 60% 2007 Median019841986198819901992199419961998200120042007200920102011HES Year (After Housing Costs)Source: Perry 2012 [8], derived from Statistics NZ Household Economic Survey (HES) 1984–2011Child Poverty and Living Standards - 58
Child Poverty Trends by Household TypeIn New Zealand, child poverty rates for children in both sole-parent and two-parenthouseholds increased rapidly between 1988 and 1992. In absolute terms however, ratesrose most rapidly for children in sole-parent households (rates peaked at 77% for soleparenthouseholds in 1996 and at 29% for two-parent households in 1994). While rates forboth household types declined between 2001 and 2007, during 2007 rates for those insole-parent households remained higher than their 1980s levels, while rates for two-parenthouseholds were similar (Figure 8). (Perry notes that one in three sole parent families livein wider households with other adults, and that children living in these “other” householdshave significantly lower poverty rates than those living in sole parent households, becauseof the greater household resources available [8]).Child Poverty Trends by Work Status of Adults in HouseholdIn New Zealand, child poverty rates for children in workless households, or where noadults worked full-time, increased rapidly during 1988–1992. Poverty rates for children inthese households remained elevated during the 1990s (range 66%–78%), before decliningduring 2001–2007. Even at their nadir in 2007, poverty rates for children in thesehouseholds remained much higher than 1980s levels. In contrast, increases in childpoverty for households where an adult worked full-time, or was self-employed, were muchless marked, with rates in 2007–2009 being similar to those in the 1980s (Figure 9). (Perrynotes that during the 1980s, children in workless households were around twice as likely tobe in poor households; during 1992–2004 four times more likely; and during 2007–2011six to seven times more likely [8]).Families with Reduced Living StandardsThe Ministry of Social Development has undertaken three national Living StandardsSurveys, in 2000, 2004 and 2008. The 2008 Survey collected information from 5000households on their material circumstances, including ownership and quality of householddurables, their ability to keep the house warm, pay the bills, have broken down appliancesrepaired, and pursue hobbies and other interests [14]. The following section briefly reviewsthe living standards of children aged 0–17 years, using the 2008 Living Standards Survey’scomposite index of deprivation.Data Source and MethodsDefinitionProportion of Children Aged 0–17 Years with Deprivation Scores of Four or MoreData SourceThe Ministry of Social Development’s 2008 Living Standards Survey [14].In the 2008 Living Standards Survey, respondents provided information about themselves and others in theirEconomic Family Unit (EFU). A respondent’s EFU comprised the respondent and partner (if any), together withtheir dependent children in the household (if any). <strong>This</strong> was a narrower concept than the census family unitwhich includes other family members such as adult children and parents of adult children.In the survey, total response ethnicity was used, meaning that categories were not mutually exclusive, as oneperson could be in two or more categories depending on their response. When the analysis was repeatedusing prioritised ethnicity however, the change in classification had minimal impact on the results.Deprivation Index Used in 2008 Living Standards SurveyIn the 2008 Living Standards Survey, a 14 item material deprivation index was used to compare the relativepositions of different population groups. Each item in the index assessed an ‘enforced lack’, with items beingdivided into two categories: ownership/participation, where an item was wanted but not possessed because ofcost; and economising items, which focused on cutting back or going without in order to pay for other basicneeds. The deprivation score for each respondent was the sum of all enforced lacks, with a cut off of 4+ beingused as a measure of material hardship, as it represented the 15% of the population experiencing the mosthardship (and was thus seen as being equivalent to the MSD’s income poverty measures).Child Poverty and Living Standards - 59
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Cover Artwork: Long-tailed Blue But
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Gross Dome
Page 9 and 10: Figure 41. Number of Students Invol
Page 11 and 12: Figure 85. Proportion of Babies Bor
Page 13 and 14: Figure 127. Relationship Between th
Page 15: Table 21. Policy Documents Relevant
Page 19: Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWIntroducti
Page 25 and 26: three then reviews mental health is
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Overview of the Determinan
Page 29 and 30: Stream Indicator New Zealand Distri
Page 43: Stream Indicator New Zealand Distri
Page 47: 47MACROECONOMICINDICATORS
Page 50 and 51: Expenditure-based Measure of GDPThe
Page 52 and 53: Gini Coefficient: The Lorenz curve
Page 54 and 55: CHILD POVERTY AND LIVING STANDARDSI
Page 56 and 57: After Housing Costs (AHC)Relative P
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Page 62 and 63: Local Policy Documents and Evidence
Page 64 and 65: Other Relevant New Zealand Evidence
Page 66 and 67: UNEMPLOYMENT RATESIntroductionIn th
Page 68 and 69: Figure 12. Unemployment Rates by Ag
Page 70 and 71: Unemployment Rates by Qualification
Page 72 and 73: Figure 18. Quarterly Unemployment R
Page 74 and 75: CHILDREN RELIANT ON BENEFIT RECIPIE
Page 76 and 77: Table 4. Number of Children Aged 0-
Page 78 and 79: Table 5. Number of Children Aged 0-
Page 80 and 81: YOUNG PEOPLE RELIANT ON BENEFITSInt
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Number of Young People Age
Page 84 and 85: New Zealand Distribution by Ethnici
Page 86 and 87: Figure 25. Young People Aged 16-24
Page 88 and 89: Table 10. Number of Young People Ag
Page 91: HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION91
Page 94 and 95: Data Source and MethodsDefinitionPr
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Page 98 and 99: Robertson J, et al. 2006. Review of
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108
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Note 2: The number of new school en
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Figure 36. Proportion of New Entran
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Local Policy Documents and Evidence
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Sylva K, et al. 2004 The Effective
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Table 15. Enrolments in Māori Medi
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Table 16. Number of Students (Māor
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Local Policy Documents which Consid
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HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AT S
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Figure 43. Highest Educational Atta
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Figure 46. Highest Educational Atta
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SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL RETENTION A
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Participation in Tertiary Education
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Midland Region Distribution and Tre
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The following section uses informat
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Figure 54. Age-Standardised Rates o
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Figure 56. Age-Standardised School
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TRUANCY AND UNJUSTIFIED ABSENCESInt
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Figure 60. Total Unjustified Absenc
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Figure 63. Total Unjustified Absenc
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152
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Table 22. The National Immunisation
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Figure 64. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 67. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 71. Immunisation Coverage at
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Soares-Weiser K, et al. 2012. Vacci
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Briss PA, et al. 2000. Reviews of e
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Data Sources and MethodsIndicatorPr
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Figure 75. Proportion of New Zealan
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Proportion Receiving Core Contacts
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Figure 81. Proportion of Babies who
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The B4 School CheckThe B4 School Ch
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Other Relevant EvidenceThe Scottish
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185SUBSTANCE USE
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Notes on InterpretationNote 1: The
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Maternal Smoking at First Registrat
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Figure 86. Proportion of Babies Bor
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Table 32. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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National Institute for Health and C
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2. Proportion of babies born to mot
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Table 37. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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Figure 93. Proportion of Year 10 St
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Figure 95. Proportion of Year 10 St
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TOBACCO USE IN YOUNG PEOPLEIntroduc
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Figure 96. Daily Smoking Rates in Y
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2009 New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey
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Source of Tobacco in the Last Month
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Carson KV, et al. 2011. Community i
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Other Relevant PublicationsMāori A
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Other Cochrane Systematic Reviews o
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ALCOHOL-RELATED HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS
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Figure 100. Alcohol-Related Hospita
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Table 45. Listed External Causes of
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Shults RA, et al. 2009. Effectivene
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Mortality from conditions with a so
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Table 50. Mortality from Conditions
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Figure 105. Hospital Admissions for
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Table 55. Hospital Admissions for C
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Table 57. Hospital Admissions for C
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Midland Region Distribution by Caus
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INFANT MORTALITY AND SUDDEN UNEXPEC
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 111. Total Infant Mortality,
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Table 62. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Table 65. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Distribution by Ethnicity, NZ Depri
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Figure 116. Sudden Unexpected Death
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Vennemann M, et al. 2007. Do immuni
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276
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with a review of interventions aime
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deprivation in some parts of the wo
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who delay a second pregnancy by two
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Family ViolenceDefinitions and New
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need for multidisciplinary interven
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6 days to determine gestational age
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In New Zealand, information on fact
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post intervention. Engagement in ed
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antenatal care, including two nutri
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throughout pregnancy, birth and the
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Alcohol and Other DrugsNational and
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Zealand had a number of specialist
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in one Cochrane review [274] (see p
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interventions to treat antenatal de
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In ConclusionWhile it is hoped that
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308
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Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
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Other Systematic ReviewsLouwers ECF
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INJURIES ARISING FROM ASSAULT IN YO
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New Zealand Distribution by Age and
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Flood M & Fergus L. 2008. An Assaul
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Note 2: The numbers in this section
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Table 78. Number of Notifications t
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Table 80. Outcome of Assessment for
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Table 82. Number of Notifications R
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Table 84. Outcome of Assessment for
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Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
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Family Violence Investigations Wher
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Table 90. Local Policy Documents an
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Stover CS, et al. 2009. Interventio
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348
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350
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oader contextual influences on the
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In addition, Table 112 on Page 414
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Williams SB, et al. 2009. Screening
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Ministries of Education, Health, Ju
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Figure 129. Children and Young Peop
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Table 92. Children Aged 0-14 Years
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IN-DEPTH TOPIC: MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE
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this [350]. The review stated that
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psychotic disorders including first
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Social Workers in SchoolsIn 2011 th
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Children or young people with sever
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EpidemiologyThe 2009 review by Meri
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A diagnosis of conduct disorder acc
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programme using a questionnaire. Si
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developmentally appropriate diagnos
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playthings or the environment, appe
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state more than it cost) provided t
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 97. Children and Young People
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Midland Region DistributionChildren
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 101. Hospital Admissions for
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Numbers Accessing Services by Diagn
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Table 103. Young People Aged 15-24
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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Midland Region DistributionAmongst
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Fletcher A, et al. 2008. School Eff
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 138. Mortality from Suicide
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Figure 139. Mortality from Suicide
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Ougrin D & Latif S. 2011. Specific
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426
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428
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Guide to Community Preventive Servi
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information on all of the events oc
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3. In addition, some providers admi
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as in the majority of the analyses
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APPENDIX 5: THE NATIONAL MORTALITYC
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As a result of these changes, there
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2. Research also suggests that ethn
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APPENDIX 8: POLICE AREA BOUNDARIESF
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Figure 142. Police Area Boundaries
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3. The condition exhibits a socioec
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REFERENCES1. Children's Commissione
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33. Mackay R. 2005. The Impact of F
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71. Ministry of Health. 2011. Immun
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107. ASH New Zealand. 2011. Nationa
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141. Child and Youth Mortality Revi
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175. Pihama L. 2011. Overview of M
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208. King-Hele S, Webb RT, Mortense
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244. Nelson Marlborough District He
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274. Ramsay J, Carter Y, Davidson L
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306. Jewkes R. 2002. Intimate partn
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347. Heflinger CA, Hinshaw SP. 2010
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376. Ministry of Education. 2012. W
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410. Ministry of Health. 2001. New
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443. Zeanah PD, Bailey LO, Berry S.
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480. Weinberg MK, Olson KL, Beeghly
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