This annual report - Taranaki District Health Board

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Table 84. Outcome of Assessment for Children Notified to Child Youth and Family Officesin Tairawhiti and Taranaki DHBs, 2004–2012 Financial YearsYearEmotionalAbusePhysicalAbuseAbuseSexualAbuseNeglectTairawhitiNon-AbuseBehavioural/RelationshipDifficultiesSelf-Harm/SuicidalAbuseNotFound2004 52 16 14 66 49 0 2902005 97 45 32 110 65 6 3602006 111 49 28 59 51
FAMILY VIOLENCEIntroductionTe Rito, the New Zealand Family Violence Prevention Strategy defines family violence as:“a broad range of controlling behaviours commonly of a physical, sexual and/orpsychological nature, which typically involve fear, intimidation and emotional deprivation. Itoccurs within close interpersonal relationships.”[194]Family violence encompasses violence between any members of a family group orwhānau. Children exposed to inter-partner violence (violence between adult partners) areat increased risk of behavioural and emotional problems, including childhood traumasymptoms, and also experience higher rates of other types of child maltreatment[297,298,299]. There has also been concern that exposure to inter-parental violence mayencourage the development of later violence in children [300]. For example, a metaanalysispublished in 2000 found a weak to moderate association between exposure tointer-parental violence during childhood and subsequent inter-partner violence [301].However, after controlling for confounding factors such as socioeconomic background,associations between childhood exposure to inter-parental violence and subsequentincreased risks of inter-partner violence perpetration and victimization and violent crime,were reduced to statistical non-significance in a New Zealand prospective cohort [300].In terms of the prevalence of family violence in New Zealand, 24% of the 980 children inthe Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study reported seeing or hearingviolence or threats of violence between parents or parental figures [302]. Regardless ofwho carried out the violence, 64% of young people witnessing family violence describedthemselves as being upset “a lot” or “extremely” and a further 23% reported being “a bit”upset. A more recent survey of 2,077 New Zealand children aged 9 to 13 years found that27% reported having witnessed violence against an adult [303]. Similarly, the Youth’07survey of 9,107 secondary school students found that 48.2% of students reportedwitnessing adults yelling or swearing at each other in the previous 12 months, and 10.4%reported witnessing adults hitting or physically hurting each other (an increase from 5.6%in the 2001 survey) [290]. Students that had experienced or witnessed violence in theirhome reported depressive symptoms than those who had not (males 12.6% compared to5.7%; and females 25.9% compared to 11.3%).Both males and females may be victims and perpetrators of family violence, although maleperpetrators are more likely to seriously injure or kill the women and children they areviolent towards [300,304]. Family violence can affect families from all socioeconomicbackgrounds, but higher rates of inter-partner violence have been identified among young,cohabiting adults of low socioeconomic status, particularly when they have children [305].Internationally, inter-partner violence has also been linked to poverty and heavy alcoholconsumption [306]. An analysis of data from the New Zealand National Survey of CrimeVictims 2001 found that the strongest predictors of being a victim of inter-partner violenceover a lifetime were being Māori, aged 25 to 39 years, female, a solo parent, living in anover-crowded household, on social welfare benefits, and being divorced or separated[307]. A secure attachment to a non-violent parent or other significant carer has been citedconsistently as an important protective factor for children exposed to family violence [308].The following section reviews the number of Police family violence investigations occurringduring 2009–2011. In interpreting these figures, it must be remembered that researchsuggests that Police are only involved in around 10% of the family violence incidentsoccurring in New Zealand each year [309]. Thus these figures need to be viewed as the“tip of the iceberg” in terms of prevalence. Further, trends may also be sensitive to publicawareness campaigns and changes in the way the Police recognise and record familyviolence incidents. Despite this, it is hoped that these figures will provide some insightsinto the context surrounding family violence in New Zealand.Family Violence - 339
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Cover Artwork: Long-tailed Blue But
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Gross Dome
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Figure 41. Number of Students Invol
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Figure 85. Proportion of Babies Bor
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Figure 127. Relationship Between th
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Table 21. Policy Documents Relevant
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWIntroducti
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three then reviews mental health is
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Table 1. Overview of the Determinan
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Stream Indicator New Zealand Distri
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47MACROECONOMICINDICATORS
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Expenditure-based Measure of GDPThe
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Gini Coefficient: The Lorenz curve
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CHILD POVERTY AND LIVING STANDARDSI
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After Housing Costs (AHC)Relative P
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Figure 8. Proportion of Dependent C
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14 Items (Enforced Lacks) are inclu
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Local Policy Documents and Evidence
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Other Relevant New Zealand Evidence
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UNEMPLOYMENT RATESIntroductionIn th
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Figure 12. Unemployment Rates by Ag
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Unemployment Rates by Qualification
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Figure 18. Quarterly Unemployment R
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CHILDREN RELIANT ON BENEFIT RECIPIE
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Table 4. Number of Children Aged 0-
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Table 5. Number of Children Aged 0-
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YOUNG PEOPLE RELIANT ON BENEFITSInt
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Table 7. Number of Young People Age
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New Zealand Distribution by Ethnici
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Figure 25. Young People Aged 16-24
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Table 10. Number of Young People Ag
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HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION91
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Data Source and MethodsDefinitionPr
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Figure 29. Proportion of Children A
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Robertson J, et al. 2006. Review of
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Canadian National Occupancy Standar
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Figure 33. Proportion of Children a
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Other Relevant EvidenceMarmot Revie
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106
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108
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Note 2: The number of new school en
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Figure 36. Proportion of New Entran
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Sylva K, et al. 2004 The Effective
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Table 15. Enrolments in Māori Medi
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Table 16. Number of Students (Māor
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Local Policy Documents which Consid
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HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AT S
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Figure 43. Highest Educational Atta
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Figure 46. Highest Educational Atta
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SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL RETENTION A
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Participation in Tertiary Education
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Midland Region Distribution and Tre
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The following section uses informat
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Figure 54. Age-Standardised Rates o
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Figure 56. Age-Standardised School
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TRUANCY AND UNJUSTIFIED ABSENCESInt
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Figure 60. Total Unjustified Absenc
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Figure 63. Total Unjustified Absenc
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152
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154
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156
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Table 22. The National Immunisation
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Figure 64. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 67. Immunisation Coverage by
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Figure 71. Immunisation Coverage at
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Soares-Weiser K, et al. 2012. Vacci
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Briss PA, et al. 2000. Reviews of e
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Data Sources and MethodsIndicatorPr
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Figure 75. Proportion of New Zealan
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Proportion Receiving Core Contacts
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Figure 81. Proportion of Babies who
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The B4 School CheckThe B4 School Ch
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Other Relevant EvidenceThe Scottish
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185SUBSTANCE USE
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Notes on InterpretationNote 1: The
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Maternal Smoking at First Registrat
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Table 32. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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National Institute for Health and C
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2. Proportion of babies born to mot
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Table 37. Number of Cigarettes Smok
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Figure 93. Proportion of Year 10 St
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Figure 95. Proportion of Year 10 St
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TOBACCO USE IN YOUNG PEOPLEIntroduc
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Figure 96. Daily Smoking Rates in Y
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2009 New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey
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Source of Tobacco in the Last Month
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Carson KV, et al. 2011. Community i
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Other Relevant PublicationsMāori A
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Other Cochrane Systematic Reviews o
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ALCOHOL-RELATED HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS
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Figure 100. Alcohol-Related Hospita
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Table 45. Listed External Causes of
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Shults RA, et al. 2009. Effectivene
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Mortality from conditions with a so
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Table 50. Mortality from Conditions
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Figure 105. Hospital Admissions for
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Table 55. Hospital Admissions for C
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Table 57. Hospital Admissions for C
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Midland Region Distribution by Caus
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Figure 107. Hospital Admissions for
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INFANT MORTALITY AND SUDDEN UNEXPEC
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 111. Total Infant Mortality,
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Table 62. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Table 65. Neonatal and Post Neonata
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Distribution by Ethnicity, NZ Depri
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Figure 116. Sudden Unexpected Death
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Vennemann M, et al. 2007. Do immuni
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276
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with a review of interventions aime
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deprivation in some parts of the wo
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who delay a second pregnancy by two
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Family ViolenceDefinitions and New
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need for multidisciplinary interven
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Page 290 and 291: In New Zealand, information on fact
Page 292 and 293: post intervention. Engagement in ed
Page 294 and 295: antenatal care, including two nutri
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Page 298 and 299: Alcohol and Other DrugsNational and
Page 300 and 301: Zealand had a number of specialist
Page 302 and 303: in one Cochrane review [274] (see p
Page 304 and 305: interventions to treat antenatal de
Page 306 and 307: In ConclusionWhile it is hoped that
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Page 310 and 311: Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
Page 312 and 313: Figure 119. Hospital Admissions for
Page 314 and 315: Midland Region Distribution and Tre
Page 316 and 317: Local Policy Documents and Evidence
Page 318 and 319: Other Systematic ReviewsLouwers ECF
Page 320 and 321: INJURIES ARISING FROM ASSAULT IN YO
Page 322 and 323: New Zealand Distribution by Age and
Page 324 and 325: Midland Region Distribution and Tre
Page 326 and 327: Local Policy Documents and Evidence
Page 328 and 329: Flood M & Fergus L. 2008. An Assaul
Page 330 and 331: Note 2: The numbers in this section
Page 332 and 333: Table 78. Number of Notifications t
Page 334 and 335: Table 80. Outcome of Assessment for
Page 336 and 337: Table 82. Number of Notifications R
Page 340 and 341: Data Source and MethodsDefinition1.
Page 342 and 343: Family Violence Investigations Wher
Page 344 and 345: Table 90. Local Policy Documents an
Page 346 and 347: Stover CS, et al. 2009. Interventio
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Page 352 and 353: oader contextual influences on the
Page 354 and 355: In addition, Table 112 on Page 414
Page 356 and 357: Williams SB, et al. 2009. Screening
Page 358 and 359: Ministries of Education, Health, Ju
Page 360 and 361: Figure 129. Children and Young Peop
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Page 368 and 369: IN-DEPTH TOPIC: MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE
Page 370 and 371: this [350]. The review stated that
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Page 374 and 375: Social Workers in SchoolsIn 2011 th
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Page 378 and 379: EpidemiologyThe 2009 review by Meri
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Page 382 and 383: programme using a questionnaire. Si
Page 384 and 385: developmentally appropriate diagnos
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state more than it cost) provided t
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 97. Children and Young People
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Midland Region DistributionChildren
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ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: L
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Table 101. Hospital Admissions for
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Numbers Accessing Services by Diagn
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Table 103. Young People Aged 15-24
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Table 108. Proportion of Young Peop
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Midland Region DistributionAmongst
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Fletcher A, et al. 2008. School Eff
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New Zealand Distribution and Trends
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Figure 138. Mortality from Suicide
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Figure 139. Mortality from Suicide
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Ougrin D & Latif S. 2011. Specific
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426
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428
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Guide to Community Preventive Servi
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information on all of the events oc
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3. In addition, some providers admi
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as in the majority of the analyses
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APPENDIX 5: THE NATIONAL MORTALITYC
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As a result of these changes, there
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2. Research also suggests that ethn
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APPENDIX 8: POLICE AREA BOUNDARIESF
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Figure 142. Police Area Boundaries
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3. The condition exhibits a socioec
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REFERENCES1. Children's Commissione
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33. Mackay R. 2005. The Impact of F
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71. Ministry of Health. 2011. Immun
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107. ASH New Zealand. 2011. Nationa
Page 458 and 459:
141. Child and Youth Mortality Revi
Page 460 and 461:
175. Pihama L. 2011. Overview of M
Page 462 and 463:
208. King-Hele S, Webb RT, Mortense
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244. Nelson Marlborough District He
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274. Ramsay J, Carter Y, Davidson L
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306. Jewkes R. 2002. Intimate partn
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347. Heflinger CA, Hinshaw SP. 2010
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376. Ministry of Education. 2012. W
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410. Ministry of Health. 2001. New
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443. Zeanah PD, Bailey LO, Berry S.
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480. Weinberg MK, Olson KL, Beeghly
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