A Chronology of State Medicine, Public Health, Welfare and Related ...

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opportunities; and particular initiatives were to be directed at the detection and prevention of disease, improving nutrition and increasing physical activity. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) became operational. It is intended to be, to quote the British Medical Journal (v. 318, p.823), "the solution of most of the NHS's
1999 Cont 2 1999 cont problems: rationing, poor practice, the failure of good practice to spread, postcode prescribing, the mindless adoption of technology, the absence of a sensible mechanism to introduce new drugs, and variations in outcome". The Commission for Health Improvement (1997) (chairwoman, Dame Deirdre Hine and chief executive, P Homa) became operational with a remit to inspect hospitals and general practices; and to ensure that high standards were achieved and maintained in the NHS in England and Wales. The Clinical Standards Board for Scotland established with Lord Patel as chairman. The Government published a Consultative Document, "Regulating Private and Voluntary Health Care", proposing the setting up of a single independent regulatory body, operating through regional inspection units.. The Government announced its intention to introduce a Care Standards Bill in 2000 which would propose the setting up of a General Social Services Council to oversee the standards, training and staff discipline of social workers. Primary Care Groups introduced in England on April 1st. The Secretary of State for Health announced the forthcoming opening of Walk-in NHS Centres at such places as shopping malls, supermarkets, hospitals and transport terminals. In most cases the care available would be given by a nurse. The clinics would not have access to the patients' notes, and those in need of further treatment would be referred to their general practitioner or hospital. The BMA called for the clinics to be run as pilot schemes and for their work to be evaluated. The Department of Health announced the first national framework for mental health services and set out seven standards of care for the services. Later the Department published a Green Paper proposing the reform of the Mental Health Act 1983 so as to require patients discharged from psychiatric hospitals to be given orders specifying where they would live and what treatment they were to have. If the terms of the order were broken, the patient would be returned to hospital for compulsory treatment. The proposals were widely criticised by many organisations concerned with mental health. A consultation document "Agenda for Change" proposed that managers in the NHS should be able to set pay locally for staff including doctors and nurses; determined where new staff should join pay scales; and set out the first stages for introducing performancerelated pay. The House of Commons Health Committee reported on "Future NHS Staffing Requirements" and endorsed the Government's decision to increase the number of students to be admitted to medical schools; advocated a review of medical education; recommended an increase in skill mix among health care workers; integrated workforce planning; a single pay structure for all NHS staff; and the replacement of the pay review bodies for doctors and nurses by a single body to review the pay of all NHS professionals. The Government announced that there would be an increase in the intake of medical students by 700 per year in England, and that medical faculties would be formed at the universities of Durham, Keele and Warwick. Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration, 28th Report, Cm.4243, and Review Body for Nursing Staff, Midwives, Health Visitors and Professions Allied to Medicine, 16th Report, Cm.4241 published. "Organisation of Acute General Hospital Services", a report from the Joint Consultants Committee covering England and Wales, considered that for the foreseeable future most district general hospitals would serve populations of 200,000 to 300,000, and recommended
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A Chronology of State Medicine, Pub
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Published by Faculty of Public Heal
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii I am indebted t
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PREFACE iv "Those who cannot rememb
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2 INTRODUCTION The chronology start
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The Norman conquest of England in 1
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1279 - 1309 1279 Statute of Mortmai
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1315 - 1358 1315 The Statute of She
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1360 - 1389 1360 An act set out "Th
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1462 - 1499 1462 First Royal Charte
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1530 - 1536 1530-40 Suppression of
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Branding and slavery imposed as the
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1559 Cont - 1584 1559 cont Under th
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1601 - 1628 1601 Poor Law Act (43 E
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1658 Thomas Browne wrote in favour
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1672 The Scottish Parliament requir
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1694 - 1698 1694 Bank of England se
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1721 - 1739 1721 Robert Walpole bec
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1740 London Hospital (later Royal)
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1763 "Genera Morborum in Auditorum
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Guy's Hospital Physical Society fou
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Vienna) published; the last volume
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1788 Cont - 1792 1788 cont complain
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Liverpool Medical Institution found
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First General Enclosure Act (41 Geo
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were passed by the Commons in 1816,
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1828 Cont - 1831 1828 cont certain
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1831 Cont - 1832 1831 cont series o
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1834 Cont - 1836 1834 cont The Hous
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Chimney Sweeps Act (3&4 Vict., c.85
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pressing, for the relief of the lab
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The Select Committee on Smoke Preve
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Final Report of the Royal Commissio
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College, soon to be Manchester Univ
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Societies, and enabled trade unions
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1858 Cont - 1859 1858 cont London,
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ecommendations was the establishmen
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1863 - 1864 1863 Public Works (Manu
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Death of James Barry (1795-1865) wh
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emoval of house refuse. See 1870. A
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under the control of the poor law a
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commission's view that in some dist
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spirits; limited the number of such
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1874 Cont - 1875 1874 cont Report o
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central inspectorate. See 1883 and
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Artizans Dwellings Act (45&46 Vict.
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(later Sir, 1850-1932, medical offi
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sanitary and safety matters includi
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Elementary Education (School Attend
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1908. Cleansing of Persons Act (60&
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developed a typhoid vaccine. 1898 C
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education authorities, which were g
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examinations at Oxford or Cambridge
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children. It gave powers for the re
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the Poor Law needed to be reshaped,
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1910 - 1911 1910 Mines Accident (Re
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1914 Outbreak of the Great War (191
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The first ante-natal clinic opened
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Medical Women's Federation founded.
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League of Nations was created. See
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age 65 1921 Cont 1921 cont years or
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Ministry of Labour Committee on the
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wider the scope of these services,
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school leaving age should be raised
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1929 Cont 1929 cont care; and the d
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Fourth Revision of the Internationa
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1933 Cont - 1934 1933 cont of medic
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National Health Insurance Scheme pr
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Matrimonial Causes Act (1 Edw.VIII
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the London County Council; and the
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1940 - 1941 1940 Food rationing (ba
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department of state, and recommende
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defined role in 1943 Cont - 1944 19
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1944 Cont 1 1944 cont Disabled Pers
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egional hospital boards, boards of
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Health during the war (see 1941). "
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The Local Government Boundary Commi
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Officers); and, made the Home Offic
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King Edward's Hospital Fund for Lon
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1950 - 1951 1950 Korean war started
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1951 Cont 1 1951 cont a registered
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"The Advance to Social Medicine" by
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double helical structure of deoxyri
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The Acton Society Trust, funded by
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1957 Dentists Act (5&6 Eliz.II, c.2
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Slaughter of Animals Act (7 Eliz.II
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introduction of a national qualific
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1960 Cont - 1961 1960 cont The Comm
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authority, with counties (with powe
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1962 Cont 2 - 1963 1962 cont For th
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Six small outbreaks of diphtheria i
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1964 Cont - 1965 1964 cont Council
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carried out in Buckinghamshire, of
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1966 Cont 1 1966 cont staff related
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1966 Cont 2 - 1967 1966 cont Englis
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1967 Cont 1 1967 cont National Nurs
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Elderly in Government Institutions
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Medicines Commission, which set up
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group therapy, therapeutic communit
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(chairman, Lord Redcliffe-Maud) cri
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The abolition of capital punishment
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1970 Cont 1 1970 cont In November t
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county boroughs, 34 metropolitan di
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stated: "Put at its simplest, commu
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1971 Cont 3 - 1972 1971 cont Betwee
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physician, the nursing officer, a l
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and a small number of
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1972 Cont 4 - 1973 1972 cont King E
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helping people to use the procedure
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Trade Union and Labour Relations Ac
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1974 Cont 2 1974 cont Report by Lad
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1974 Cont 3 - 1975 1974 cont govern
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"The School Health Service 1908-74"
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Layfield) reported. The Committee d
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personal (as distinct from the clin
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1976 Cont 3 - 1977 1976 cont commun
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1977 Cont - 1978 1977 cont features
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health and medical care, there rema
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area tier and establishing district
Page 242 and 243: 1980 1980 Magistrates' Courts Act (
Page 244 and 245: Advisory Service, from whom it had
Page 246 and 247: and required that provision for spe
Page 248 and 249: established the Audit Commission in
Page 250 and 251: Mobile Homes Act (c.34) dealt with
Page 252 and 253: 1984 Rates Act (c.33) reformed the
Page 254 and 255: 1984 Cont 2 - 1985 1984 cont The Ex
Page 256 and 257: "Quality in General Practice" publi
Page 258 and 259: 1986 Cont 1 1986 cont Ministry of A
Page 260 and 261: 1986 Cont 2 - 1987 1986 cont The Ro
Page 262 and 263: 1987 Cont 2 - 1988 1987 cont The Ki
Page 264 and 265: House of Commons Social Services Co
Page 266 and 267: The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisher
Page 268 and 269: water and the disposal of sewage. S
Page 270 and 271: 1992 Cont 1 1992 cont education; pr
Page 272 and 273: National Lottery Act (c.39) enabled
Page 274 and 275: A Working Group (chairman, CJ Scott
Page 276 and 277: Environment Act (c.25) established
Page 278 and 279: esearch). Demands for more money fo
Page 280 and 281: 1996 Cont 2 - 1997 1996 cont traini
Page 282 and 283: historic boundaries between academi
Page 284 and 285: zones; introduced the category of f
Page 286 and 287: supervision of patients in the comm
Page 288 and 289: 1998 Cont 4 1998 cont abuse of soci
Page 290 and 291: 1998 Cont 5 - 1999 1998 cont occasi
Page 294 and 295: that where possible two adjacent ho
Page 296 and 297: Parker reviewing 1999 Cont 4 1999 c
Page 298 and 299: TABLE POPULATION AND BIRTH AND DEAT
Page 300 and 301: APPENDIX 1 SOVEREIGNS FROM 1066 ENG
Page 302: APPENDIX 3 MINISTERS OF HEALTH 1919
Page 305 and 306: APPENDIX 4 LONDON MEDICAL SCHOOLS P
Page 307 and 308: Nissel, Muriel, People Count. A His
Page 309 and 310: Animals (Scientific Procedures) 198
Page 311 and 312: Cruelty to Animals 1876 Custody of
Page 313 and 314: INDEX TO ACTS 5 Factories 1850, 193
Page 315 and 316: Infectious Diseases (Prevention) 18
Page 317 and 318: INDEX TO ACTS 9 Mines Accident (Res
Page 319 and 320: INDEX TO ACTS 11 Professions Supple
Page 321 and 322: INDEX TO ACTS 13 Smoke Nuisance (Sc
Page 323 and 324: Air Pollution 1953, 1954 Alternativ
Page 325 and 326: Elderly at Home. A Study of People
Page 327 and 328: INDEX OF OFFICIAL REPORTS 5 Integra
Page 329 and 330: INDEX OF OFFICIAL REPORTS 7 Nationa
Page 331 and 332: Reform of Local Government in Engla
Page 333 and 334: Towards an Integrated Child Health
Page 335 and 336: Alzheimer's disease (see also Aged
Page 337 and 338: Bethune, Robert de 1148 Beveridge,
Page 339 and 340: Bucknill, Sir John 1842 Budd, W. 18
Page 341 and 342: Child Support Agency 1991, 1995, 19
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Cooke, A.M. 1964 Cooper, J. 1966 Co
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Diabetes 1922, 1925, 1941 Dick, W.
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Electrocardiogram 1887 Electron 189
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Fitzroy, A. 1904 Fleas 1897 Fleming
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Gibb, G.D. 1981
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Guerin, C. 1921 "Guide to Social Se
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GENERAL INDEX 21 Hereford, Bishop o
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Huxham, J. 1750 GENERAL INDEX 23 "H
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"Journal of State Medicine" 1892 GE
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Lipworth, L. 1966 Lister, J. 1865 G
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Mair, A. 1972 Malaria 1897, 1909, 1
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Medawar, Sir Peter 1953 GENERAL IND
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GENERAL INDEX 32 “Moral and Physi
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GENERAL INDEX 34 National Society f
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Old age pensions (see also National
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"Physical Deterioration" 1904 Physi
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GENERAL INDEX 39 Port (sanitary) he
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GENERAL INDEX 41 Queen Elizabeth Ho
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GENERAL INDEX 43 Rothschild, Lord 1
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GENERAL INDEX 45 School boards (Sco
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Social Medicine, Society for 1956,
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GENERAL INDEX 49 Tallow-melting 128
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GENERAL INDEX 51 Universities (see
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GENERAL INDEX 53 Willink, Sir Henry
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