A Chronology of State Medicine, Public Health, Welfare and Related ...

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that where possible two adjacent hospitals should join together to form a single acute general hospital
1999 Cont 3 1999 cont group; accident and emergency departments should be supported by departments of acute medicine, general surgery, trauma and orthopaedics, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology, clinical radiology, and full anaesthetic service, intensive care unit and pathology and blood transfusion service. Each specialty and major sub-specialty should have a minimum of two consultants. The report stated that there was "a gross deficiency" of consultants in most specialties. In "Supporting Doctors, Protecting Patients" the Chief Medical Officer of England set out proposals to ensure that the practice of doctors was monitored and that poor performance was tackled swiftly. All doctors working in the NHS would be required to participate in external clinical audit and annual appraisals. Procedures for the revalidation (recertification) of practising doctors were discussed by the profession and the General Medical Council in the expectation that revalidation would be compulsory from the beginning of 2002. The Audit Commission's report "First Assessment: A Review of District Nursing Services in England and Wales" stated that the demand for professional nursing care at home was increasing because of the rising number of older people, the earlier discharge of patients from hospitals and the increase in terminally ill patients choosing to be nursed at home. There was substantial variation across the country in referral criteria and the deployment of nurses in the community. The Commission recommended that trusts should define the objectives and roles of the service, match the needs to the skills and numbers of nurses, and ensure that the knowledge of district nurses was kept up to date. The Royal Commission on Long-term Care for the Elderly (chairman Sir Stewart Sutherland) "With Respect to Old Age", Cm.4192, proposed that all nursing and personal care should be provided free to those old people who were assessed as needing it, but normal living and housing costs should remain the responsibility of the residential and nursing homes; that budgets that were now divided between health, social services and other statutory bodies should be integrated; consideration should be given to the introduction of a carer support package; and that the Government should establish a National Care Commission. In "Opportunity for All, Tackling Poverty and Social Exclusion" the Government announced plans to eradicate poverty. The document stated that a quarter of the population lived in households with incomes below the poverty line (half the national average income); a third of the children (4.5 million) lived in poverty (three times the number in 1979) and one fifth lived in households where nobody was employed; and the teenage pregnancy rate had remained constant at about 45 per 1000 girls since the early 1980's. The document set out a wide range of indicators to measure progress in reducing poverty including improved education and training, reduction in unemployment, increase in private pensions, reduction in homelessness and in teenage pregnancies. A policy document "Caring about Carers" outlined additional help to be made available to carers to enable them to take holidays by increasing respite care; reduction in council tax for the more disabled people and their carers; and a requirement that the needs of carers should form part of the assessment carried out by social service and health service workers. A report, "Supporting Adoption, Reframing the Approach", commissioned by the Department of Health and published by the British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering, recommended a review of the organisation and procedures of adoption services; and called for legislation to make it a duty for local authorities and other agencies to provide postadoptive support. Later it was announced that the Government wanted to encourage more trans-racial adoptions and more adoptions by single parents. This followed a report by R
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A Chronology of State Medicine, Pub
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Published by Faculty of Public Heal
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii I am indebted t
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PREFACE iv "Those who cannot rememb
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2 INTRODUCTION The chronology start
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The Norman conquest of England in 1
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1279 - 1309 1279 Statute of Mortmai
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1315 - 1358 1315 The Statute of She
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1360 - 1389 1360 An act set out "Th
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1462 - 1499 1462 First Royal Charte
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1530 - 1536 1530-40 Suppression of
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Branding and slavery imposed as the
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1559 Cont - 1584 1559 cont Under th
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1601 - 1628 1601 Poor Law Act (43 E
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1658 Thomas Browne wrote in favour
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1672 The Scottish Parliament requir
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1694 - 1698 1694 Bank of England se
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1721 - 1739 1721 Robert Walpole bec
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1740 London Hospital (later Royal)
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1763 "Genera Morborum in Auditorum
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Guy's Hospital Physical Society fou
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Vienna) published; the last volume
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1788 Cont - 1792 1788 cont complain
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Liverpool Medical Institution found
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First General Enclosure Act (41 Geo
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were passed by the Commons in 1816,
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1828 Cont - 1831 1828 cont certain
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1831 Cont - 1832 1831 cont series o
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1834 Cont - 1836 1834 cont The Hous
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Chimney Sweeps Act (3&4 Vict., c.85
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pressing, for the relief of the lab
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The Select Committee on Smoke Preve
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Final Report of the Royal Commissio
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College, soon to be Manchester Univ
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Societies, and enabled trade unions
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1858 Cont - 1859 1858 cont London,
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ecommendations was the establishmen
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1863 - 1864 1863 Public Works (Manu
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Death of James Barry (1795-1865) wh
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emoval of house refuse. See 1870. A
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under the control of the poor law a
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commission's view that in some dist
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spirits; limited the number of such
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1874 Cont - 1875 1874 cont Report o
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central inspectorate. See 1883 and
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Artizans Dwellings Act (45&46 Vict.
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(later Sir, 1850-1932, medical offi
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sanitary and safety matters includi
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Elementary Education (School Attend
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1908. Cleansing of Persons Act (60&
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developed a typhoid vaccine. 1898 C
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education authorities, which were g
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examinations at Oxford or Cambridge
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children. It gave powers for the re
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the Poor Law needed to be reshaped,
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1910 - 1911 1910 Mines Accident (Re
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1914 Outbreak of the Great War (191
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The first ante-natal clinic opened
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Medical Women's Federation founded.
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League of Nations was created. See
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age 65 1921 Cont 1921 cont years or
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Ministry of Labour Committee on the
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wider the scope of these services,
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school leaving age should be raised
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1929 Cont 1929 cont care; and the d
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Fourth Revision of the Internationa
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1933 Cont - 1934 1933 cont of medic
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National Health Insurance Scheme pr
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Matrimonial Causes Act (1 Edw.VIII
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the London County Council; and the
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1940 - 1941 1940 Food rationing (ba
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department of state, and recommende
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defined role in 1943 Cont - 1944 19
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1944 Cont 1 1944 cont Disabled Pers
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egional hospital boards, boards of
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Health during the war (see 1941). "
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The Local Government Boundary Commi
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Officers); and, made the Home Offic
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King Edward's Hospital Fund for Lon
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1950 - 1951 1950 Korean war started
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1951 Cont 1 1951 cont a registered
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"The Advance to Social Medicine" by
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double helical structure of deoxyri
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The Acton Society Trust, funded by
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1957 Dentists Act (5&6 Eliz.II, c.2
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Slaughter of Animals Act (7 Eliz.II
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introduction of a national qualific
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1960 Cont - 1961 1960 cont The Comm
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authority, with counties (with powe
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1962 Cont 2 - 1963 1962 cont For th
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Six small outbreaks of diphtheria i
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1964 Cont - 1965 1964 cont Council
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carried out in Buckinghamshire, of
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1966 Cont 1 1966 cont staff related
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1966 Cont 2 - 1967 1966 cont Englis
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1967 Cont 1 1967 cont National Nurs
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Elderly in Government Institutions
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Medicines Commission, which set up
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group therapy, therapeutic communit
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(chairman, Lord Redcliffe-Maud) cri
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The abolition of capital punishment
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1970 Cont 1 1970 cont In November t
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county boroughs, 34 metropolitan di
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stated: "Put at its simplest, commu
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1971 Cont 3 - 1972 1971 cont Betwee
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physician, the nursing officer, a l
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and a small number of
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1972 Cont 4 - 1973 1972 cont King E
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helping people to use the procedure
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Trade Union and Labour Relations Ac
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1974 Cont 2 1974 cont Report by Lad
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1974 Cont 3 - 1975 1974 cont govern
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"The School Health Service 1908-74"
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Layfield) reported. The Committee d
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personal (as distinct from the clin
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1976 Cont 3 - 1977 1976 cont commun
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1977 Cont - 1978 1977 cont features
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health and medical care, there rema
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area tier and establishing district
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1980 1980 Magistrates' Courts Act (
Page 244 and 245: Advisory Service, from whom it had
Page 246 and 247: and required that provision for spe
Page 248 and 249: established the Audit Commission in
Page 250 and 251: Mobile Homes Act (c.34) dealt with
Page 252 and 253: 1984 Rates Act (c.33) reformed the
Page 254 and 255: 1984 Cont 2 - 1985 1984 cont The Ex
Page 256 and 257: "Quality in General Practice" publi
Page 258 and 259: 1986 Cont 1 1986 cont Ministry of A
Page 260 and 261: 1986 Cont 2 - 1987 1986 cont The Ro
Page 262 and 263: 1987 Cont 2 - 1988 1987 cont The Ki
Page 264 and 265: House of Commons Social Services Co
Page 266 and 267: The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisher
Page 268 and 269: water and the disposal of sewage. S
Page 270 and 271: 1992 Cont 1 1992 cont education; pr
Page 272 and 273: National Lottery Act (c.39) enabled
Page 274 and 275: A Working Group (chairman, CJ Scott
Page 276 and 277: Environment Act (c.25) established
Page 278 and 279: esearch). Demands for more money fo
Page 280 and 281: 1996 Cont 2 - 1997 1996 cont traini
Page 282 and 283: historic boundaries between academi
Page 284 and 285: zones; introduced the category of f
Page 286 and 287: supervision of patients in the comm
Page 288 and 289: 1998 Cont 4 1998 cont abuse of soci
Page 290 and 291: 1998 Cont 5 - 1999 1998 cont occasi
Page 292 and 293: opportunities; and particular initi
Page 296 and 297: Parker reviewing 1999 Cont 4 1999 c
Page 298 and 299: TABLE POPULATION AND BIRTH AND DEAT
Page 300 and 301: APPENDIX 1 SOVEREIGNS FROM 1066 ENG
Page 302: APPENDIX 3 MINISTERS OF HEALTH 1919
Page 305 and 306: APPENDIX 4 LONDON MEDICAL SCHOOLS P
Page 307 and 308: Nissel, Muriel, People Count. A His
Page 309 and 310: Animals (Scientific Procedures) 198
Page 311 and 312: Cruelty to Animals 1876 Custody of
Page 313 and 314: INDEX TO ACTS 5 Factories 1850, 193
Page 315 and 316: Infectious Diseases (Prevention) 18
Page 317 and 318: INDEX TO ACTS 9 Mines Accident (Res
Page 319 and 320: INDEX TO ACTS 11 Professions Supple
Page 321 and 322: INDEX TO ACTS 13 Smoke Nuisance (Sc
Page 323 and 324: Air Pollution 1953, 1954 Alternativ
Page 325 and 326: Elderly at Home. A Study of People
Page 327 and 328: INDEX OF OFFICIAL REPORTS 5 Integra
Page 329 and 330: INDEX OF OFFICIAL REPORTS 7 Nationa
Page 331 and 332: Reform of Local Government in Engla
Page 333 and 334: Towards an Integrated Child Health
Page 335 and 336: Alzheimer's disease (see also Aged
Page 337 and 338: Bethune, Robert de 1148 Beveridge,
Page 339 and 340: Bucknill, Sir John 1842 Budd, W. 18
Page 341 and 342: Child Support Agency 1991, 1995, 19
Page 343 and 344: Cooke, A.M. 1964 Cooper, J. 1966 Co
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Diabetes 1922, 1925, 1941 Dick, W.
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Electrocardiogram 1887 Electron 189
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Fitzroy, A. 1904 Fleas 1897 Fleming
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Gibb, G.D. 1981
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Guerin, C. 1921 "Guide to Social Se
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GENERAL INDEX 21 Hereford, Bishop o
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Huxham, J. 1750 GENERAL INDEX 23 "H
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"Journal of State Medicine" 1892 GE
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Lipworth, L. 1966 Lister, J. 1865 G
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Mair, A. 1972 Malaria 1897, 1909, 1
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Medawar, Sir Peter 1953 GENERAL IND
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GENERAL INDEX 32 “Moral and Physi
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GENERAL INDEX 34 National Society f
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Old age pensions (see also National
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"Physical Deterioration" 1904 Physi
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GENERAL INDEX 39 Port (sanitary) he
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GENERAL INDEX 41 Queen Elizabeth Ho
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GENERAL INDEX 43 Rothschild, Lord 1
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GENERAL INDEX 45 School boards (Sco
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Social Medicine, Society for 1956,
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GENERAL INDEX 49 Tallow-melting 128
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GENERAL INDEX 51 Universities (see
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GENERAL INDEX 53 Willink, Sir Henry
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