Human Development in India - NCAER

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child well-being 129Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.Figure 8.4Sex Ratio at BirthFigure 8.5Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.Sex Ratio at Birth by Birth Order and Number of Children
130 human development in indiaFigure 8.6Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.Percentage of Women Getting Ultrasound/Amniocentesis by Birth Order andNumber of Sonspreceding the survey show that at each parity the proportionof women who have undergone a sonogram is higher forwomen who have no sons, than for those who already have ason.This difference is particularly large for third and laterbirths. Second, the IHDS asked women who had undergonea sonogram or amniocentesis whether they knew the sex ofthe child. Nearly 34 per cent said they were aware of the sexof the child. This suggests that the role of sex determinationin shaping the sex ratio at birth cannot be ignored.While sex-selective abortion results in a lower likelihoodof female birth than might be biologically expected, theneglect of girls leads to their higher mortality. Figure 8.1had shown the likelihood of death during the first month,2–11 months, and one to four years, for boys and girls. Asdiscussed earlier, neonatal deaths are often due to pregnancyand delivery related factors, but subsequent deaths are moreenvironment-driven. Research also indicates that in theabsence of preferential treatment of boys, boys have highermortality at all ages than girls, until girls reach reproductiveFigure 8.7Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.Comparison of Brothers’ and Sisters‘ Mortality by Age (Sister=1)
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAUMANEVELO
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAHUMANDEVE
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ToThe 41,554 households who partici
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viiicontentsSOCIAL CHANGES11. Socia
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x tables, figures, and boxes6.1 Enr
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xiitables, figures, and boxes6.1a L
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ForewordIndia has been fortunate as
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PrefaceOn account of the size of it
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acknowledgements xixWhile space doe
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xxii research team and advisorsO.P.
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AbbreviationsASERBPLCHCDPTFPSHCRHDI
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1IntroductionLong years ago we made
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introduction 5the agricultural stag
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introduction 7on income points out,
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2Income, Poverty, and InequalityAs
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income, poverty, and inequality 13t
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income, poverty, and inequality 15A
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income, poverty, and inequality 173
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income, poverty, and inequality 19R
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income, poverty, and inequality 21T
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income, poverty, and inequality 23D
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agriculture 29Figure 3.1Source: IHD
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agriculture 31Figure 3.2bSource: IH
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agriculture 33other religious minor
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agriculture 35Figure 3.5Source: IHD
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agriculture 37Table A.3.1aCultivati
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4EmploymentChapter 2 noted tremendo
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employment 41Box 4.1Education Does
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employment 43in urban areas, animal
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employment 45not surprising that Ta
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employment 47These agricultural and
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employment 49Table A.4.1a Work Part
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employment 51Table A.4.2a: Number o
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employment 53Table A.4.3a: Type of
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employment 55Table A.4.3b: Statewis
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household assets and amenities 61WA
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household assets and amenities 63Bo
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household assets and amenities 65Fi
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household assets and amenities 67an
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household assets and amenities 69Bo
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household assets and amenities 71Ta
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6EducationThe chapters on income (C
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education 77Figure 6.1aSource: IHDS
Page 104 and 105: education 7995 per cent children ag
Page 106 and 107: education 81Figure 6.3 Educational
Page 108 and 109: education 836-14 year old, about 40
Page 110 and 111: education 85in a lose-lose situatio
Page 112 and 113: education 87society. Arithmetic ski
Page 114 and 115: education 89Table A.6.2aDiscontinua
Page 116 and 117: education 91Table A.6.3a Schooling
Page 118 and 119: education 93Table A.6.4a Reading, W
Page 120 and 121: education 95Table A.6.5a Skill Leve
Page 122 and 123: 7Health and Medical CareThroughout
Page 124 and 125: health and medical care 99Box 7.1Al
Page 126 and 127: health and medical care 101Figure 7
Page 128 and 129: health and medical care 103Source:
Page 132 and 133: health and medical care 107Medical
Page 134 and 135: health and medical care 109Sixty ni
Page 136 and 137: health and medical care 111increase
Page 140 and 141: health and medical care 115Box 7.3T
Page 142 and 143: health and medical care 117Table A.
Page 144 and 145: health and medical care 119Table A.
Page 146: health and medical care 121Table A.
Page 150 and 151: 8Child Well-beingThe well-being of
Page 152 and 153: child well-being 127privileged and
Page 156 and 157: child well-being 131age. Our result
Page 158 and 159: child well-being 133Table A.8.1a In
Page 160 and 161: child well-being 135Table A.8.2bSta
Page 162 and 163: child well-being 137Table A.8.3bSta
Page 164 and 165: well-being of the older population
Page 174 and 175: gender and family dynamics 149Not s
Page 176 and 177: gender and family dynamics 151withi
Page 178 and 179: gender and family dynamics 153monet
Page 180 and 181: gender and family dynamics 155DISCU
Page 182 and 183: gender and family dynamics 157Table
Page 192: gender and family dynamics 167Table
Page 196 and 197: 11Social Integration and ExclusionT
Page 198 and 199: social integration and exclusion 17
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social integration and exclusion 17
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social integration and exclusion 18
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villages in a global world 183mean
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villages in a global world 185Table
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villages in a global world 193Figur
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13Social Safety Nets in IndiaPublic
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social safety nets in india 199Anty
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social safety nets in india 201THE
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social safety nets in india 203HIGH
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social safety nets in india 205(Tab
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14ConclusionI was again on a great
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conclusion 209enrolment, it also un
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conclusion 211availability of work
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Appendix I—IHDS: The DesignOne of
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appendix i 215Figure AI.2 India Hum
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appendix i 217Table AI.1Statewise D
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appendix i 219(Table AI.2 contd )Ne
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appendix i 221developed for NSS emp
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Appendix II—Chapter Organization
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appendix ii 225(Table AII.1 contd )
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appendix ii 227will often require t
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BibliographyAbbas, A.A. and G.J. Wa
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ibliography 231Blyn, G. (1966). Agr
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ibliography 233Malik, S. (1979). So
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