Human Development in India - NCAER

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Appendix II—Chapter Organization andDefinition of VariablesCHAPTER ORGANIZATIONEach of the chapters in this book reviews a major topic withinthe ambit of human development: income, education, health,social integration, and so on. Each topic has some issuesspecific to it (for example, marriage relations in Chapter10). A few issues span more than one topic. For example,privatization is discussed in Chapters 4, 6, and 7. But asdiscussed in the introduction, a principal integrating themeis to review how these human development outcomes varyacross a common set of social and economic determinants.Individual outcomes (for example, wages, employment, andmorbidity) are compared along three characteristics of thoseindividuals:1. Gender2. Age3. Own education (adults only)All individual and household outcomes are compared acrossfive regional and household characteristics:1. States2. Rural–urban residence3. Household income4. Household educational level 15. Religious and caste social groupThe following section describes how each of theseeight indicators is constructed, their distribution acrossIndia, and relationship with the other indicators. Thesample distributions and interrelationships are presented inTable AII.1.BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICSGenderEach of the individual characteristics (that is, gender, age, andeducation) was reported by the main household respondent.This results in some imprecision pertaining to age andeducation, including the usual age heaping at round figureages (20, 30, and so on). Some corrections have been madebased on other information in the survey (for example, birthhistories) but for comparisons of most human developmentoutcomes, even imprecise measures are sufficient to revealthe strong patterns.Measurement problems are not an issue for gender,although difficulties in locating transient and homelesspopulations may result in an undercount of men. India iswell known for its imbalanced sex ratios and missing women.The IHDS also recorded fewer females than males, especiallyamong the younger age groups, for whom the effects ofsex selective abortions have become more apparent. Thedynamics of gender inequality underlying these imbalanced1Household educational level is used only for household level outcomes since individual outcomes are compared against the individual’sown education.
224 human development in indiaTable AII.1Sample Distribution Along Individual and Household Background CharacteristicsRural Urban TotalIndividual CharacteristicsAge0–4 10 8 95–9 12 10 1110–14 12 11 1215–19 10 11 1020–9 16 19 1730–9 13 15 1440–59 18 20 1860+ 9 7 8SexMale 51 51 51Female 49 49 49EducationIlliterate 44 26 391–4 Std 17 14 165–9 Std 27 30 2810–11 Std 6 12 812 Some college 3 8 5College graduate 2 10 4Household CharacteristicsSocial GroupForward Caste Hindu 16 31 21OBC 38 31 36Dalit 24 17 22Adivasi 10 3 8Muslim 10 14 11Christian, Sikh, Jain 2 4 3Place of ResidenceMetro 26 8Other urban 74 21More developed village 48 34Less developed village 52 37Maximum Adult Education in HouseholdIlliterate 29 10 241–4 Std 10 5 85–9 Std 33 28 32(contd )
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAUMANEVELO
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAHUMANDEVE
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ToThe 41,554 households who partici
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viiicontentsSOCIAL CHANGES11. Socia
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x tables, figures, and boxes6.1 Enr
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xiitables, figures, and boxes6.1a L
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ForewordIndia has been fortunate as
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PrefaceOn account of the size of it
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acknowledgements xixWhile space doe
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xxii research team and advisorsO.P.
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AbbreviationsASERBPLCHCDPTFPSHCRHDI
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1IntroductionLong years ago we made
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introduction 5the agricultural stag
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introduction 7on income points out,
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2Income, Poverty, and InequalityAs
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income, poverty, and inequality 13t
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income, poverty, and inequality 15A
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income, poverty, and inequality 173
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income, poverty, and inequality 19R
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income, poverty, and inequality 21T
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income, poverty, and inequality 23D
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agriculture 29Figure 3.1Source: IHD
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agriculture 31Figure 3.2bSource: IH
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agriculture 33other religious minor
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agriculture 35Figure 3.5Source: IHD
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agriculture 37Table A.3.1aCultivati
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4EmploymentChapter 2 noted tremendo
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employment 41Box 4.1Education Does
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employment 43in urban areas, animal
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employment 45not surprising that Ta
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employment 47These agricultural and
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employment 49Table A.4.1a Work Part
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employment 51Table A.4.2a: Number o
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employment 53Table A.4.3a: Type of
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employment 55Table A.4.3b: Statewis
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household assets and amenities 61WA
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household assets and amenities 63Bo
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household assets and amenities 65Fi
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household assets and amenities 67an
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household assets and amenities 69Bo
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household assets and amenities 71Ta
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6EducationThe chapters on income (C
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education 77Figure 6.1aSource: IHDS
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education 7995 per cent children ag
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education 81Figure 6.3 Educational
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education 836-14 year old, about 40
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education 85in a lose-lose situatio
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education 87society. Arithmetic ski
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education 89Table A.6.2aDiscontinua
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education 91Table A.6.3a Schooling
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education 93Table A.6.4a Reading, W
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education 95Table A.6.5a Skill Leve
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7Health and Medical CareThroughout
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health and medical care 99Box 7.1Al
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health and medical care 101Figure 7
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health and medical care 103Source:
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health and medical care 107Medical
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health and medical care 109Sixty ni
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health and medical care 111increase
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health and medical care 115Box 7.3T
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health and medical care 117Table A.
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8Child Well-beingThe well-being of
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child well-being 127privileged and
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child well-being 129Source: IHDS 20
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child well-being 131age. Our result
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child well-being 133Table A.8.1a In
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child well-being 135Table A.8.2bSta
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child well-being 137Table A.8.3bSta
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well-being of the older population
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gender and family dynamics 149Not s
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gender and family dynamics 151withi
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gender and family dynamics 153monet
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gender and family dynamics 155DISCU
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gender and family dynamics 157Table
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11Social Integration and ExclusionT
Page 198 and 199: social integration and exclusion 17
Page 208 and 209: villages in a global world 183mean
Page 210 and 211: villages in a global world 185Table
Page 218: villages in a global world 193Figur
Page 222 and 223: 13Social Safety Nets in IndiaPublic
Page 224 and 225: social safety nets in india 199Anty
Page 226 and 227: social safety nets in india 201THE
Page 228 and 229: social safety nets in india 203HIGH
Page 230 and 231: social safety nets in india 205(Tab
Page 232 and 233: 14ConclusionI was again on a great
Page 234 and 235: conclusion 209enrolment, it also un
Page 236 and 237: conclusion 211availability of work
Page 238 and 239: Appendix I—IHDS: The DesignOne of
Page 240 and 241: appendix i 215Figure AI.2 India Hum
Page 242 and 243: appendix i 217Table AI.1Statewise D
Page 244 and 245: appendix i 219(Table AI.2 contd )Ne
Page 246 and 247: appendix i 221developed for NSS emp
Page 250 and 251: appendix ii 225(Table AII.1 contd )
Page 252 and 253: appendix ii 227will often require t
Page 254 and 255: BibliographyAbbas, A.A. and G.J. Wa
Page 256 and 257: ibliography 231Blyn, G. (1966). Agr
Page 258 and 259: ibliography 233Malik, S. (1979). So
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