Human Development in India - NCAER

More documents

Recommendations

Info

gender and family dynamics 155DISCUSSIONIn this chapter, we attempted to provide a context forthe gender differences in health, labour force participation,and (to a lesser extent) education, documented in this report.Several insights from these results are noteworthy, particularlyas we consider public policy implications.First, while many gendered outcomes are documentedat the household level, such as a parental preference forinvesting in boys’ education, it is important to look beyondthe household for the sources of such behaviour. Most parentslove their daughters as well as sons, but as documented inChapter 9, the dependence of the elderly on their children forsocial and financial support makes a preference for investingin sons rather than daughters seem rational. This preferenceis strengthened by a cultural context in which daughtersare married outside the village with limited contact withtheir natal families after marriage, and where they have fewfinancial resources and independent decision-making powersto help their parents.Second, while education and economic growth havechanged many facets of human development in India, genderinequality in many areas seems impervious to this change.Higher income households are more gender unequal in somecases, such as with regard to dowries. Not even high levels ofeducation empower women in all spheres. Thus, we need tothink of alternative strategies for women’s empowerment.Third, regional differences in gender roles and norms areenormous, and seem to swamp other social and economicdifferences. These pose interesting challenges for publicpolicy. At the most basic level, public policies must bemindful of these traditions while shaping service delivery.Health services may need to be delivered into the home inareas where women’s physical mobility is curtailed. Girls’schools may increase secondary school enrolment in thecultural context emphasizing male–female separation, butmay not be necessary in other areas. Policies regarding homeregistration and preferential banking schemes could beexpanded to increase women’s control over family home andbank accounts. However, at a larger level, regional differencesoffer a vision of alternative social realities that can be used tospur public discourse. While the Kerala story has often beentold, it is interesting to note that the northeastern states farevery well on many markers of gender roles described in thischapter. These are also the states where the gender gap inliteracy is very low and the sex ratio is more balanced. A focuson different cultural traditions, with some more favourableto overall social development than others, makes it possibleto think of indigenous models of women’s empowermentthat do not rely on global norms but that are consistent withthe best of Indian traditions.HIGHLIGHTS• The mean age at marriage for women is 17.4 years, with about 60 per cent marrying before the legal ageof 18.• Women in north India tend to marry outside of their natal village and consequently have less access to socialsupport networks than their sisters in the south.• Arranged marriage remains the norm, with less than 5 per cent women selecting their husbands without input fromother family members.• About 85 per cent women expect to live with their sons in old age; about 9 per cent, with daughters. A similar smallproportion expects financial help from daughters.• Many women practice ghunghat or purdah, particularly in central India, and 73 per cent need permission to go toa health centre.• Wife beating and domestic violence remain pervasive, with about 50 per cent respondents claiming that womenin their community are often beaten for minor transgressions like going out without permission.
156 human development in indiaTable A.10.1aMarriage and Family PatternsPer cent Mean Per cent Not Mean Per cent Per cent Per cent Knew Children Age atMarried Age at Cohabiting Age at Marrying With Any Husband Ever Borne FirstBefore Marriage* Immedi- Cohabiting* Before Say in Before Women Birth*Age 18* ately* Puberty* Marriage* Marriage* 40–9All India 60 17.4 51 18.0 16 62 23 3.85 20.6Woman’s Age25–9 57 1 7.6 48 18.1 13 64 24 20.030–9 61 17.4 50 18.0 15 62 22 20.540–9 60 17.3 53 18.0 18 59 23 3.85 21.3Woman’s EducationIlliterate 75 16.1 64 17.0 20 50 20 4.38 20.11–4 Std 65 17.1 45 17.5 14 65 24 3.58 20.05–9 Std 53 17.9 40 18.3 11 68 26 3.35 20.610–11 Std 32 19.5 33 19.8 6 81 27 2.66 21.812 Std Some college 21 20.7 31 20.9 7 84 26 2.43 22.8College graduate 7 22.6 24 22.8 5 89 29 2.13 24.6Place of ResidenceMetro cities 38 19.3 31 19.5 5 82 26 2.73 21.5Other urban area 47 18.5 44 19.0 11 71 27 3.46 21.2More developed village 63 17.2 54 17.8 15 64 25 3.80 20.4Less developed village 70 16.5 56 17.3 22 49 17 4.42 20.3IncomeLowest Quintile 70 16.5 56 17.3 19 55 20 4.16 20.42nd Quintile 68 16.7 55 17.4 18 58 23 4.07 20.33rd Quintile 66 17.0 54 17.7 16 58 22 4.13 20.44th Quintile 57 17.6 48 18.2 14 65 24 3.85 20.5Highest Quintile 42 19.0 40 19.4 10 73 25 3.26 21.5Social GroupsHigh Caste Hindu 49 18.4 41 18.9 10 68 20 3.18 21.2OBC 63 17.2 55 18.0 18 58 23 3.76 20.7Dalit 71 16.5 55 17.2 17 59 19 4.20 20.0Adivasi 64 17.1 54 17.7 18 63 29 4.01 20.8Muslim 61 17.2 50 17.7 16 60 30 5.07 20.1Other religion 18 20.8 30 21.1 5 84 25 2.77 22.8Note:*Only calculated for women aged 25 years and above to reduce selectivity due to inclusion of women marrying at very young ages.Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.
Page 1 and 2:
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAUMANEVELO
Page 4 and 5:
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAHUMANDEVE
Page 6:
ToThe 41,554 households who partici
Page 9 and 10:
viiicontentsSOCIAL CHANGES11. Socia
Page 11 and 12:
x tables, figures, and boxes6.1 Enr
Page 13 and 14:
xiitables, figures, and boxes6.1a L
Page 16 and 17:
ForewordIndia has been fortunate as
Page 18 and 19:
PrefaceOn account of the size of it
Page 20:
acknowledgements xixWhile space doe
Page 23 and 24:
xxii research team and advisorsO.P.
Page 25 and 26:
AbbreviationsASERBPLCHCDPTFPSHCRHDI
Page 28 and 29:
1IntroductionLong years ago we made
Page 30 and 31:
introduction 5the agricultural stag
Page 32:
introduction 7on income points out,
Page 36 and 37:
2Income, Poverty, and InequalityAs
Page 38 and 39:
income, poverty, and inequality 13t
Page 40 and 41:
income, poverty, and inequality 15A
Page 42 and 43:
income, poverty, and inequality 173
Page 44 and 45:
income, poverty, and inequality 19R
Page 46 and 47:
income, poverty, and inequality 21T
Page 48 and 49:
income, poverty, and inequality 23D
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
agriculture 29Figure 3.1Source: IHD
Page 56 and 57:
agriculture 31Figure 3.2bSource: IH
Page 58 and 59:
agriculture 33other religious minor
Page 60 and 61:
agriculture 35Figure 3.5Source: IHD
Page 62 and 63:
agriculture 37Table A.3.1aCultivati
Page 64 and 65:
4EmploymentChapter 2 noted tremendo
Page 66 and 67:
employment 41Box 4.1Education Does
Page 68 and 69:
employment 43in urban areas, animal
Page 70 and 71:
employment 45not surprising that Ta
Page 72 and 73:
employment 47These agricultural and
Page 74 and 75:
employment 49Table A.4.1a Work Part
Page 76 and 77:
employment 51Table A.4.2a: Number o
Page 78 and 79:
employment 53Table A.4.3a: Type of
Page 80 and 81:
employment 55Table A.4.3b: Statewis
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
household assets and amenities 61WA
Page 88 and 89:
household assets and amenities 63Bo
Page 90 and 91:
household assets and amenities 65Fi
Page 92 and 93:
household assets and amenities 67an
Page 94 and 95:
household assets and amenities 69Bo
Page 96:
household assets and amenities 71Ta
Page 100 and 101:
6EducationThe chapters on income (C
Page 102 and 103:
education 77Figure 6.1aSource: IHDS
Page 104 and 105:
education 7995 per cent children ag
Page 106 and 107:
education 81Figure 6.3 Educational
Page 108 and 109:
education 836-14 year old, about 40
Page 110 and 111:
education 85in a lose-lose situatio
Page 112 and 113:
education 87society. Arithmetic ski
Page 114 and 115:
education 89Table A.6.2aDiscontinua
Page 116 and 117:
education 91Table A.6.3a Schooling
Page 118 and 119:
education 93Table A.6.4a Reading, W
Page 120 and 121:
education 95Table A.6.5a Skill Leve
Page 122 and 123:
7Health and Medical CareThroughout
Page 124 and 125:
health and medical care 99Box 7.1Al
Page 126 and 127:
health and medical care 101Figure 7
Page 128 and 129:
health and medical care 103Source:
Page 130 and 131: health and medical care 105Figure 7
Page 132 and 133: health and medical care 107Medical
Page 134 and 135: health and medical care 109Sixty ni
Page 136 and 137: health and medical care 111increase
Page 138 and 139: health and medical care 113Figure 7
Page 140 and 141: health and medical care 115Box 7.3T
Page 142 and 143: health and medical care 117Table A.
Page 144 and 145: health and medical care 119Table A.
Page 146: health and medical care 121Table A.
Page 150 and 151: 8Child Well-beingThe well-being of
Page 152 and 153: child well-being 127privileged and
Page 154 and 155: child well-being 129Source: IHDS 20
Page 156 and 157: child well-being 131age. Our result
Page 158 and 159: child well-being 133Table A.8.1a In
Page 160 and 161: child well-being 135Table A.8.2bSta
Page 162 and 163: child well-being 137Table A.8.3bSta
Page 164 and 165: well-being of the older population
Page 174 and 175: gender and family dynamics 149Not s
Page 176 and 177: gender and family dynamics 151withi
Page 178 and 179: gender and family dynamics 153monet
Page 182 and 183: gender and family dynamics 157Table
Page 192: gender and family dynamics 167Table
Page 196 and 197: 11Social Integration and ExclusionT
Page 198 and 199: social integration and exclusion 17
Page 208 and 209: villages in a global world 183mean
Page 210 and 211: villages in a global world 185Table
Page 218: villages in a global world 193Figur
Page 222 and 223: 13Social Safety Nets in IndiaPublic
Page 224 and 225: social safety nets in india 199Anty
Page 226 and 227: social safety nets in india 201THE
Page 228 and 229: social safety nets in india 203HIGH
Page 230 and 231:
social safety nets in india 205(Tab
Page 232 and 233:
14ConclusionI was again on a great
Page 234 and 235:
conclusion 209enrolment, it also un
Page 236 and 237:
conclusion 211availability of work
Page 238 and 239:
Appendix I—IHDS: The DesignOne of
Page 240 and 241:
appendix i 215Figure AI.2 India Hum
Page 242 and 243:
appendix i 217Table AI.1Statewise D
Page 244 and 245:
appendix i 219(Table AI.2 contd )Ne
Page 246 and 247:
appendix i 221developed for NSS emp
Page 248 and 249:
Appendix II—Chapter Organization
Page 250 and 251:
appendix ii 225(Table AII.1 contd )
Page 252 and 253:
appendix ii 227will often require t
Page 254 and 255:
BibliographyAbbas, A.A. and G.J. Wa
Page 256 and 257:
ibliography 231Blyn, G. (1966). Agr
Page 258 and 259:
ibliography 233Malik, S. (1979). So
show all

Human Development in India - NCAER

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?