Human Development in India - NCAER

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social integration and exclusion 179Box 11.1Trust and Confidence in InstitutionsStudies of social capital have emphasized the subjective beliefs necessary to support strong networks of social ties andorganizational memberships. Higher levels of confidence in the system’s institutions and trust in one’s fellow citizens facilitate thesocial interactions that build a strong civil society. The IHDS asked respondents how much confidence they had in 10 importantinstitutions in Indian society (‘a great deal of confidence’, ‘only some confidence’, or ‘hardly any confidence at all’). The analysisrevealed that the principal division was between households that responded that they had ‘a great deal of confidence’ andhouseholds that responded otherwise.The most confidence was reported for banks (90 per cent) and the military (87 per cent), followed by schools (69 per cent),hospitals/doctors (63 per cent), courts (55 per cent), newspapers (38 per cent), panchayats (34 per cent), the state government(27 per cent), police (23 per cent), and politicians (11 per cent).Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.HIGHLIGHTS• Caste associations and social organizations dominate the list of association memberships.• About 7 per cent of households reported experiencing theft, burglary, or harassment in the year precedingthe survey.• About 31–8 per cent households reported knowing someone working in a school, a medical centre, or government.These social networks are the largest among families living in Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, and the North-East.• Social networks for Adivasi households are considerably more limited than those for other social groups.• Households report the greatest confidence in banks and the military and the least confidence in policeand politicians.
180 human development in indiaTable A.11.1aSocial Integration, Social Networks, and Crime VictimizationPercent of Households ReportingMean NumberMembership Village/ Victim of Socialin Any Neighbourhood of Crime/ NetworkOrganization Having Some Threat ConnectionsConflictLast YearAll India 36 48 6.7 1.0Maximum Household EducationNone 29 48 7.8 0.61–4 Std 37 50 8.2 0.75–9 Std 37 47 6.6 0.910–11 Std 39 46 5.4 1.212 Std/Some college 42 48 5.8 1.4Graduate/Diploma 40 48 5.8 1.8Place of ResidenceMetro city 24 52 4.9 1.3Other urban 34 45 5.1 1.2Developed village 42 45 6.3 1.0Less developed village 35 51 8.2 0.9Household IncomeLowest Quintile 32 51 7.5 0.72nd Quintile 36 49 8.2 0.83rd Quintile 35 46 6.9 0.94th Quintile 38 45 6.1 1.1Highest Quintile 40 47 4.6 1.7Social GroupsForward Caste Hindu 33 49 5.5 1.4OBC 39 46 6.3 1.1Dalit 35 51 8.8 0.8Adivasi 42 43 5.3 0.6Muslim 30 48 7 0.8Other religion 45 38 5 1.3Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAUMANEVELO
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAHUMANDEVE
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ToThe 41,554 households who partici
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viiicontentsSOCIAL CHANGES11. Socia
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x tables, figures, and boxes6.1 Enr
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xiitables, figures, and boxes6.1a L
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ForewordIndia has been fortunate as
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PrefaceOn account of the size of it
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acknowledgements xixWhile space doe
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xxii research team and advisorsO.P.
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AbbreviationsASERBPLCHCDPTFPSHCRHDI
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1IntroductionLong years ago we made
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introduction 5the agricultural stag
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introduction 7on income points out,
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2Income, Poverty, and InequalityAs
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income, poverty, and inequality 13t
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income, poverty, and inequality 15A
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income, poverty, and inequality 173
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income, poverty, and inequality 19R
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income, poverty, and inequality 21T
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income, poverty, and inequality 23D
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agriculture 29Figure 3.1Source: IHD
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agriculture 31Figure 3.2bSource: IH
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agriculture 33other religious minor
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agriculture 35Figure 3.5Source: IHD
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agriculture 37Table A.3.1aCultivati
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4EmploymentChapter 2 noted tremendo
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employment 41Box 4.1Education Does
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employment 43in urban areas, animal
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employment 45not surprising that Ta
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employment 47These agricultural and
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employment 49Table A.4.1a Work Part
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employment 51Table A.4.2a: Number o
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employment 53Table A.4.3a: Type of
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employment 55Table A.4.3b: Statewis
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household assets and amenities 61WA
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household assets and amenities 63Bo
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household assets and amenities 65Fi
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household assets and amenities 67an
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household assets and amenities 69Bo
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household assets and amenities 71Ta
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6EducationThe chapters on income (C
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education 77Figure 6.1aSource: IHDS
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education 7995 per cent children ag
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education 81Figure 6.3 Educational
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education 836-14 year old, about 40
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education 85in a lose-lose situatio
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education 87society. Arithmetic ski
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education 89Table A.6.2aDiscontinua
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education 91Table A.6.3a Schooling
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education 93Table A.6.4a Reading, W
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education 95Table A.6.5a Skill Leve
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7Health and Medical CareThroughout
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health and medical care 99Box 7.1Al
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health and medical care 101Figure 7
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health and medical care 103Source:
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health and medical care 107Medical
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health and medical care 109Sixty ni
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health and medical care 111increase
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health and medical care 115Box 7.3T
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health and medical care 117Table A.
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8Child Well-beingThe well-being of
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child well-being 127privileged and
Page 154 and 155: child well-being 129Source: IHDS 20
Page 156 and 157: child well-being 131age. Our result
Page 158 and 159: child well-being 133Table A.8.1a In
Page 160 and 161: child well-being 135Table A.8.2bSta
Page 162 and 163: child well-being 137Table A.8.3bSta
Page 164 and 165: well-being of the older population
Page 174 and 175: gender and family dynamics 149Not s
Page 176 and 177: gender and family dynamics 151withi
Page 178 and 179: gender and family dynamics 153monet
Page 180 and 181: gender and family dynamics 155DISCU
Page 182 and 183: gender and family dynamics 157Table
Page 192: gender and family dynamics 167Table
Page 196 and 197: 11Social Integration and ExclusionT
Page 198 and 199: social integration and exclusion 17
Page 208 and 209: villages in a global world 183mean
Page 210 and 211: villages in a global world 185Table
Page 218: villages in a global world 193Figur
Page 222 and 223: 13Social Safety Nets in IndiaPublic
Page 224 and 225: social safety nets in india 199Anty
Page 226 and 227: social safety nets in india 201THE
Page 228 and 229: social safety nets in india 203HIGH
Page 230 and 231: social safety nets in india 205(Tab
Page 232 and 233: 14ConclusionI was again on a great
Page 234 and 235: conclusion 209enrolment, it also un
Page 236 and 237: conclusion 211availability of work
Page 238 and 239: Appendix I—IHDS: The DesignOne of
Page 240 and 241: appendix i 215Figure AI.2 India Hum
Page 242 and 243: appendix i 217Table AI.1Statewise D
Page 244 and 245: appendix i 219(Table AI.2 contd )Ne
Page 246 and 247: appendix i 221developed for NSS emp
Page 248 and 249: Appendix II—Chapter Organization
Page 250 and 251: appendix ii 225(Table AII.1 contd )
Page 252 and 253: appendix ii 227will often require t
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BibliographyAbbas, A.A. and G.J. Wa
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ibliography 231Blyn, G. (1966). Agr
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ibliography 233Malik, S. (1979). So
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