Human Development in India - NCAER

192 human development in indiaan NGO sector is not independent of the level of economicdevelopment. The IHDS village survey asked about the presenceor absence of the following programmes: Mahila Mandal(women’s organization), youth groups, self-help groups, tradeunions/professional groups, credit or savings groups, festival/religious groups, caste associations, development groups orNGOs, agricultural or milk cooperatives, Panchayat Bhavan,Pani Panchayat (water cooperative), community centres, andcommunity television sets. Figure 12.3 plots the number ofthese programmes reflecting social development in a villageagainst infrastructure development discussed earlier (consistingof roads, banks, telephone services, and the like).The results are striking. Villages that have higher infrastructuredevelopment also have greater presence of thecommunity organizations. When we reflect on the nature ofthe non-governmental sector in India, this is not surprising.While the development discourse tends to view the voluntarysector as being rooted in local culture, given the symbioticrelationship between the state and the voluntary sector inIndia, it seems eminently reasonable that the voluntary sectorthrives only where state penetration is more effective.DISCUSSIONThe urban–rural divide in indicators of human developmenthas long been recognized. The contribution of thischapter is to focus on variations between villages in levelsof infrastructure development. This provides a frameworkfor interpreting the observation throughout this report thatvillages with higher levels of infrastructure development havefar better health and educational outcomes than those withlower levels of development. These villages also have betteremployment opportunities and higher incomes.Table 12.8Per cent of Sample Villages with Access to Different Government ProgrammesSafe Sanitation/ Immun- Midday Improved Agricult. Micro- Widow Old AgeDrinking Toilets ization Meal Stove Ext. Credit Pensions PensionsWaterAll India* 61 55 89 87 35 37 49 87 88Jammu and Kashmir 70 10 80 75 15 30 30 75 55Himachal Pradesh 96 75 73 85 31 48 35 92 98Punjab/Chandigarh 20 38 79 87 30 43 31 80 85Haryana 67 41 96 89 42 35 46 95 95Uttar Pradesh 78 78 80 77 44 15 71 93 96Uttarkhand 61 83 78 83 56 44 22 94 89Bihar 28 25 56 51 5 18 66 75 95Jharkhand 12 4 89 77 0 0 15 69 81Rajasthan 36 33 86 89 18 29 56 89 69Madhya Pradesh 28 35 94 92 29 37 30 87 93Chhatishgarh 43 23 92 89 30 30 28 96 98West Bengal 58 66 56 94 14 11 44 61 92Orissa 34 30 94 86 16 21 47 95 96Assam 50 25 100 72 3 11 17 61 78North-East 49 42 91 55 27 52 42 52 61Gujarat, Daman, Dadra 60 36 100 99 24 63 23 83 61Maharashtra/Goa 83 78 99 96 68 62 63 81 80Andhra Pradesh 87 99 98 97 62 72 65 93 99Karnataka 87 60 97 98 44 17 50 100 93Kerala 78 94 100 76 60 82 80 100 100Tamil Nadu/Pondicherry 83 80 93 97 42 51 66 98 95Notes: *Tables present unweighted summary from village questionnaires. These data are nationwide but not nationally representative.Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.