Human Development in India - NCAER

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well-being of the older population 145Figure 9.4 Widowhood by Age for Men and Women Aged 60 and OlderSource: IHDS 2004–5 data.Figure 9.5Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.Relationship with Household Head for ElderlyMen and Women (in per cent)widows with young children, or living alone. Data from boththe India Census 2001 and the NFHS-II reveal that moreelderly women live alone than do elderly men in India.DISCUSSIONAs we noted at the beginning of this chapter, populationaging has not been of great concern in India because asustained rate of population growth has ensured that eachsuccessive cohort is larger and, hence, the population isdominated by young people. However, as fertility falls andmortality among the older population continues to decline,aging will become a larger challenge. Further, because ofdeclining fertility, at least some elderly persons may not havea son to care for them in the old age. Given the reluctance toaccept help from daughters (which we document in Chapter10), population aging could increase the vulnerability of theelderly without sons.Financial and social support of the elderly remain, almostentirely, located within the family, although many elderlypersons work. They also live with sons/brothers/nephews andother family members, who provide financial and emotionalsupport. While in most areas, co-residence with daughtersis rare, it is often found in the North-East. Co-residence isparticularly common for the oldest (age 70+) or people whoown a considerable amount of land. As fertility declines andurbanization increases, extended families may come underduress, and other sources of support for the elderly may needto be developed.HIGHLIGHTS• With 13 per cent elderly, Kerala has the highest proportion of elderly persons.• Labour force participation among men aged 60–9 is 72 per cent in rural areas and 43 per cent inurban areas.• Most elderly persons subsist on earnings from their own work or that of other family members. Only 17 per cent ofIndian elderly households receive government benefits of any type.• Extended family living is the norm with about 77 per cent of the elderly living with married children or otherfamily members.
146 human development in indiaTable A.9.1aDistribution of Elderly Population and Selected CharacteristicsFor Individuals Aged 60 and AboveElderly As Characteristics Economic Conditions ResidencePer cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Mean Median Per cent Per cent Per cent Adultsof Total Distrib. in Female Widowed Household Household Poor Working in Joint Aged 15–59Population Category Income Income family (per cent)All India 8.3 100.0 49.4 36.9 56,377 30,640 22.2 41 77 2.9GenderMale 8.3 50.6 NA 18 57,504 32,131 20.7 55 71 2.9Female 8.3 49.4 NA 56.3 55,222 29,825 23.8 26 83 2.8Age60–9 NA 62.1 49.8 28.2 55,705 30,460 22.6 49 73 2.870–9 NA 27.8 49.4 46.2 57,387 31,020 22.4 31 81 2.980+ NA 10.1 46.8 64.9 57,731 33,600 19.9 15 88 3.0EducationNone 13.1 63.0 62.2 44 41,788 25,000 27.2 40 79 2.81–4 Std 5.6 11.2 31.5 27.1 53,183 33,750 20 49 77 2.95–9 Std 4.8 16.2 28.5 23.5 77,365 44,000 15.3 45 75 3.010–11 Std 5.4 5.3 16.4 16.5 1,05,804 74,400 4.7 43 67 3.012 Std/Some college 2.9 1.7 14.7 15.8 1,20,397 86,500 2.9 42 59 2.7Graduate/Diploma 5.2 2.6 15.8 11.7 1,60,324 1,10,200 0.5 25 57 2.5Family TypeSingle 49.9 2.5 77.1 91.9 10,048 5,500 15.1 42 0 0.0Couple 34.7 9.8 36.9 0.1 32,359 13,200 12.3 50 0 0.3With unmarriedchildren 2 10.8 26.1 16.1 46,096 29,248 13.8 60 0 2.3Joint 12 76.9 53.4 42.8 62,366 35,512 24.9 37 100 3.4Place of ResidenceMetro city 6.8 5.4 48.4 35.7 1,10,508 84,800 12.1 17 71 2.7Other urban 7.5 18.3 51 39.2 80,874 52,500 25.4 26 77 2.9Developed village 9.5 39.3 49.4 36.9 53,495 28,300 18.5 42 76 2.8Less developed village 7.9 37.0 48.6 36 39,422 23,093 26.1 51 78 2.9IncomeLowest Quintile 9.8 19.3 50.8 37.7 8,159 8,377 29.6 46 55 1.62nd Quintile 7 15.6 51.7 41.9 18,202 18,062 33.1 44 78 2.53rd Quintile 7.4 17.8 50.9 40.6 28,930 28,778 27.2 41 81 2.84th Quintile 7.9 20.3 46.6 35.7 50,717 49,700 19.3 42 84 3.3Highest Quintile 8.9 23.7 47.8 31.4 1,54,806 1,09,000 8.8 33 87 3.8Social GroupForward Castes 10 24.3 49.6 34.5 80,292 49,400 11.4 37 79 2.9OBC 8.7 37.3 48.9 36.9 45,783 27,610 21.1 44 77 2.8Dalit 7.2 19.0 50.3 41.2 36,825 24,000 31.1 43 76 2.8Adivasi 6.6 6.0 50.3 40.6 32,009 19,900 44.6 51 74 2.7Muslim 6.3 9.7 46.7 33.6 54,456 33,000 25.2 38 76 3.3Other religion 12.7 3.7 53.1 33.8 1,50,685 59,622 15.6 24 75 2.5Notes: Distrib. refers to Distribution.Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAUMANEVELO
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAHUMANDEVE
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ToThe 41,554 households who partici
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viiicontentsSOCIAL CHANGES11. Socia
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x tables, figures, and boxes6.1 Enr
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xiitables, figures, and boxes6.1a L
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ForewordIndia has been fortunate as
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PrefaceOn account of the size of it
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acknowledgements xixWhile space doe
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xxii research team and advisorsO.P.
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AbbreviationsASERBPLCHCDPTFPSHCRHDI
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1IntroductionLong years ago we made
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introduction 5the agricultural stag
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introduction 7on income points out,
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2Income, Poverty, and InequalityAs
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income, poverty, and inequality 13t
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income, poverty, and inequality 15A
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income, poverty, and inequality 173
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income, poverty, and inequality 19R
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income, poverty, and inequality 21T
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income, poverty, and inequality 23D
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agriculture 29Figure 3.1Source: IHD
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agriculture 31Figure 3.2bSource: IH
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agriculture 33other religious minor
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agriculture 35Figure 3.5Source: IHD
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agriculture 37Table A.3.1aCultivati
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4EmploymentChapter 2 noted tremendo
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employment 41Box 4.1Education Does
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employment 43in urban areas, animal
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employment 45not surprising that Ta
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employment 47These agricultural and
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employment 49Table A.4.1a Work Part
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employment 51Table A.4.2a: Number o
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employment 53Table A.4.3a: Type of
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employment 55Table A.4.3b: Statewis
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household assets and amenities 61WA
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household assets and amenities 63Bo
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household assets and amenities 65Fi
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household assets and amenities 67an
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household assets and amenities 69Bo
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household assets and amenities 71Ta
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6EducationThe chapters on income (C
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education 77Figure 6.1aSource: IHDS
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education 7995 per cent children ag
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education 81Figure 6.3 Educational
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education 836-14 year old, about 40
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education 85in a lose-lose situatio
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education 87society. Arithmetic ski
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education 89Table A.6.2aDiscontinua
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education 91Table A.6.3a Schooling
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education 93Table A.6.4a Reading, W
Page 120 and 121: education 95Table A.6.5a Skill Leve
Page 122 and 123: 7Health and Medical CareThroughout
Page 124 and 125: health and medical care 99Box 7.1Al
Page 126 and 127: health and medical care 101Figure 7
Page 128 and 129: health and medical care 103Source:
Page 132 and 133: health and medical care 107Medical
Page 134 and 135: health and medical care 109Sixty ni
Page 136 and 137: health and medical care 111increase
Page 140 and 141: health and medical care 115Box 7.3T
Page 142 and 143: health and medical care 117Table A.
Page 144 and 145: health and medical care 119Table A.
Page 146: health and medical care 121Table A.
Page 150 and 151: 8Child Well-beingThe well-being of
Page 152 and 153: child well-being 127privileged and
Page 154 and 155: child well-being 129Source: IHDS 20
Page 156 and 157: child well-being 131age. Our result
Page 158 and 159: child well-being 133Table A.8.1a In
Page 160 and 161: child well-being 135Table A.8.2bSta
Page 162 and 163: child well-being 137Table A.8.3bSta
Page 164 and 165: well-being of the older population
Page 174 and 175: gender and family dynamics 149Not s
Page 176 and 177: gender and family dynamics 151withi
Page 178 and 179: gender and family dynamics 153monet
Page 180 and 181: gender and family dynamics 155DISCU
Page 182 and 183: gender and family dynamics 157Table
Page 192: gender and family dynamics 167Table
Page 196 and 197: 11Social Integration and ExclusionT
Page 198 and 199: social integration and exclusion 17
Page 208 and 209: villages in a global world 183mean
Page 210 and 211: villages in a global world 185Table
Page 218: villages in a global world 193Figur
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13Social Safety Nets in IndiaPublic
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social safety nets in india 199Anty
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social safety nets in india 201THE
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social safety nets in india 203HIGH
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social safety nets in india 205(Tab
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14ConclusionI was again on a great
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conclusion 209enrolment, it also un
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conclusion 211availability of work
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Appendix I—IHDS: The DesignOne of
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appendix i 215Figure AI.2 India Hum
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appendix i 217Table AI.1Statewise D
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appendix i 219(Table AI.2 contd )Ne
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appendix i 221developed for NSS emp
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Appendix II—Chapter Organization
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appendix ii 225(Table AII.1 contd )
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appendix ii 227will often require t
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BibliographyAbbas, A.A. and G.J. Wa
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ibliography 231Blyn, G. (1966). Agr
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ibliography 233Malik, S. (1979). So
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