Human Development in India - NCAER

188 human development in indiaTable 12.5 Distance to Nearest Educational Institution (Government or Private)Per cent Villages with Distance to Nearest Educational Institution (Government or Private)Primary Upper Primary Secondary Higher Secondary CollegeIn Village 1–5 Kms In Village 1–5 Kms In Village 1–5 Kms In Village 1–5 Kms In Village 1–5 KmsAll India* 97.8 2.2 68.9 26.7 39.0 38.4 17.9 34.4 4.0 13.2Jammu and Kashmir 100.0 0.0 80.0 20.0 29.4 58.8 7.1 57.1 0.0 28.6Himachal Pradesh 82.7 17.3 55.8 42.3 28.6 50.0 23.5 29.4 6.1 10.2Punjab/Chandigarh 100.0 0.0 74.6 23.7 58.6 34.5 40.0 36.7 8.3 8.3Haryana 100.0 0.0 75.6 23.1 63.6 27.3 26.0 42.5 1.4 16.4Uttar Pradesh 96.2 3.8 63.4 35.1 23.1 49.3 14.2 49.3 1.5 17.9Uttarkhand 100.0 0.0 61.1 33.3 27.8 38.9 16.7 38.9 0.0 0.0Bihar 90.9 9.1 69.0 27.6 22.8 56.1 5.7 35.9 7.0 17.5Jharkhand 96.0 4.0 76.5 23.5 33.3 33.3 18.2 9.1 0.0 0.0Rajasthan 100.0 0.0 72.1 25.6 34.9 37.4 16.3 36.3 2.6 2.6Madhya Pradesh 99.2 0.9 67.8 32.2 19.3 30.7 9.9 26.1 0.9 8.9Chhatishgarh 100.0 0.0 55.3 44.7 21.3 61.7 12.8 44.7 2.1 8.5West Bengal 98.4 1.6 36.2 48.3 33.3 56.7 10.2 49.2 0.0 18.6Orissa 94.0 6.0 56.6 42.2 36.1 48.2 7.3 40.2 6.0 25.3Assam 100.0 0.0 81.8 15.2 16.1 54.8 10.3 44.8 6.7 33.3North-East 90.3 9.7 72.4 17.2 56.5 4.4 27.3 18.2 5.6 0.0Gujarat, Daman, Dadra 98.6 1.4 64.7 19.1 32.4 20.6 17.9 25.4 0.0 10.3Maharashtra/Goa 100.0 0.0 64.4 28.8 42.6 43.5 12.1 35.3 3.5 13.3Andhra Pradesh 100.0 0.0 76.6 16.0 59.1 26.9 11.8 15.1 3.3 10.9Karnataka 100.0 0.0 79.4 15.6 40.7 34.8 8.5 28.7 1.5 11.5Kerala 100.0 0.0 98.0 0.0 87.5 8.3 83.3 12.5 29.7 16.2Tamil Nadu/Pondicherry 98.3 1.7 76.5 15.7 53.9 32.7 36.4 41.8 12.7 10.9Notes: *Tables present unweighted summary from village questionnaires. These data are nationwide but not nationally representative.Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.physicians are available in PHCs, with four to six hospitalbeds and an ability to provide preventive as well as curativeservices.Private health services consist of trained allopathic physiciansworking in major non-profit hospitals or clinics, settingup their own private clinics, and running four to ten bedhospitals or maternity clinics, as well as licensed practitionerswith training in ayurvedic or homeopathic medicine. Moreover,many paramedics also set up private practice, sometimesin conjunction with a pharmacy. Although pharmacistsare not expected to provide prescription drugs withoutprescription from a licensed practitioner, most prescribe andsell medication with impunity (see Chapter 7, Box 7.2 fora description of private and government facilities surveyedby the IHDS). At the most elementary level, a private dai(midwife) provides help with childbirth as well as sundryillnesses. Most dais are not trained but come from familiesthat have practised midwifery for generations. The percentagesof sample villages with access to various forms of healthcare are provided in Table 12.7.Sub-centres are poorly equipped and inadequatelystaffed. Households seem to have little trust in the treatmentprovided by these sub-centres. As Chapter 7 documents,even when a village has no other medical facility except thesub-centre, less than 30 per cent of individuals with a minorillness such as a cough, cold, or fever use the governmentfacility, and more than 50 per cent travel outside the villageto visit a private practitioner. The presence of a PHC or aCHC improves the usage of public facilities.As documented in Chapter 7, many rural residentstravel to a neighbouring village or town to seek medicaladvice and treatment. The journey often adds an additional