Human Development in India - NCAER

villages in a global world 191Table 12.7Per cent of Sample Villages with Different Types of Medical FacilitiesAny Any Type of Govt Facility Type of Private FacilityGovern- Private Sub- Primary Commu- Govern- Private Private Private Private Private Privatement Facility centre Health nity ment Doctor Doctor Hospital Chemist Mater- DaiFacility Centre Health Maternity Trained Untrai- nity (mid-wife)Centre Centre ned HomeAll India* 52 52 43 16 3 4 23 41 5 22 2 54Jammu and Kashmir 50 30 45 10 5 0 5 0 15 0 25Himachal Pradesh 54 35 27 25 2 2 17 30 0 8 0 56Punjab/Chandigarh 56 75 49 11 3 5 33 23 3 46 2 87Haryana 56 85 44 11 0 0 16 64 5 13 3 85Uttar Pradesh 38 67 36 9 1 1 23 50 3 26 2 55Uttarkhand 15 50 10 0 5 10 30 66 0 25 0 55Bihar 49 51 43 10 0 0 16 50 7 30 5 75Jharkhand 39 54 35 8 0 0 31 46 0 12 0 46Rajasthan 60 43 48 13 5 7 15 31 3 15 5 68Madhya Pradesh 38 34 34 6 2 2 13 33 1 10 2 65Chhatishgarh 22 31 16 10 0 0 0 31 2 4 0 76West Bengal 49 77 44 11 3 3 17 29 9 23 0 65Orissa 57 30 46 13 7 6 13 68 0 17 1 32Assam 34 45 24 11 0 0 8 23 0 42 0 13North-East 67 15 45 30 9 3 12 45 0 15 0 30Gujarat, Daman, Dadra 29 65 26 4 0 1 50 9 3 7 0 79Maharashtra/Goa 50 50 45 15 2 3 42 53 5 30 4 80Andhra Pradesh 65 71 59 13 4 7 18 19 11 32 7 56Karnataka 61 40 51 23 2 3 23 68 1 7 1 20Kerala 80 72 70 66 16 3 57 14 39 70 7 15Tamil Nadu/Pondicherry 77 37 60 29 0 18 31 30 14 31 5 8Notes:*Tables present unweighted summary from village questionnaires. These data are nationwide but not nationally representative.Source: IHDS 2004–5 data.organizations by providing direct and indirect support tothem. In some cases, these voluntary groups work directlywith government agencies and help in implementing governmentprogrammes. In others, they receive financial aidfrom the state. Other organizations have chosen not to beco-opted by the state and, instead, operate independently,sometimes as pressure groups working to ensure effectivegovernance.The IHDS collected information about the existence ofa variety of programmes in sample villages. It is importantto note that because the key informants were often villagefunctionaries, there is a potential for the overstatement ofvarious programmes. Nonetheless, Table 12.8 provides aninteresting portrait of the presence of self-help groups, governmentprogrammes, and NGOs.To the extent that villages are able to promote their owndevelopment through the use of self-help groups and nongovernmentalbodies, they may be able to substitute for, orsupplement formal government programmes.The success of states is often evidenced in the implementationof programmes. Even when there are programmessponsored by the central government, the success rate andcoverage of the programmes vary widely by state. Overall,the southern states stand out in coverage and implementationof government programmes.However, the IHDS also suggests an interesting puzzle.Development discourse is suffused with an implicit orexplicit assumption that when a state fails to reach certainareas or populations, the NGO sector has the ability to fillthe vacuum. However, in the IHDS villages, the presence of