What do students know and understand about the Holocaust?

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Appendix 3: Coding frameworks for free-text questions 249 Appendix 3 Coding frameworks for free-text questions Coding framework for survey question 30 This question asked students, ‘Please can you describe in one or two sentences what you think the Holocaust was’. The content of each student’s response was coded to indicate whether their answers contained reference to the: ■■ victim(s) of the Holocaust ■■ perpetrator(s) of the Holocaust ■■ action(s) of the Holocaust ■■ date when the Holocaust took place ■■ scale of the Holocaust (for example how many Jews were killed). Students’ answers were coded in relation to each element using the following codes: ■■ Code 0: There is no reference to the element – either correct or incorrect, meaning that this aspect of definition is simply not there. ■■ Code 1: The student has referred to the element, but the reference is incorrect and/or nebulous and/or lacks clarity and/or is missing a critically important component (for example, under ‘action’ no mention of purposeful killing is made). ■■ Code 2: There is relevant and ‘broadly accurate’ reference to the element. (Note that we wanted to use this coding system to examine the content of students’ answers and determine if the content was broadly relevant. Thus we were lenient when assigning this code and acknowledge that, where we assigned this code, students’ answers were not always strictly historically accurate). Additional coding After doing the element coding, we went through students’ definitions to determine how many of them referred to countries where the Holocaust happened, and if so which country or countries were identified. Students were only asked to give a description of the Holocaust, but where they had also provided an explanation for the Holocaust occurring, these answers were highlighted for further examination. Answers were also highlighted for further examination if they explicitly recognised the Holocaust as the intent to kill all Jews everywhere, that is the student demonstrated that they understood the totality of the genocidal intent of the Holocaust. www.ioe.ac.uk/holocaust
250 Appendix 3: Coding frameworks for free-text questions Table A3.1 Coding framework for, and examples of, students’ answers to survey question 30 Element Victims Perpetrators Actions Date Scale Code 1 – examples considered incorrect and/or nebulous Others (without reference to Jews) Polish People (with no further elaboration) Anne Frank (that is, she is the only identified victim and there is no reference to other Jewish people) One man Some people Tortured (no reference to killing) Treated people differently (no reference to killing) Persecution (no reference to killing) Put Jews in concentration camps / took the Jews to concentration camps (no reference to them being killed there) Left to die in concentration camps 1900s In the war 1930s 1933–39 (restricting the date to the period pre-1941 is an error as it omits the period when the systematic killing occurred) Thousands A million Less than 5 million More than 7 million A large number of them / loads of people Many Jews Code 2 – examples considered relevant and ‘broadly accurate’ Jews Jews and other relevant victims Germany Adolf Hitler Other named individuals e.g. Himmler, Goebbels The SS The Nazis German soldiers Genocide Mass killing Mass murder Extermination Systematic killing Reference to killing, e.g. killed many, killed a lot, killed and tortured Persecution and execution / killing Massacred Gassed The Second World War 1940s 1939–45 (and/or any years within that period named) 1933–45 Third Reich 6 million Millions
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CENTRE FOR HOLOCAUST EDUCATION What
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What do students know and understan
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iv About the UCL Centre for Holocau
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vi Foreword by Sir Peter Bazalgette
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viii Foreword by Professor Yehuda B
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x
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2 Executive summary ■■ Many stu
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4
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Olivia Hemingway, 2014
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8 Introduction ■■ What forms of
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10 Introduction the fate of the Jew
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12 Introduction two reasons here in
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14 Introduction Figure 1.1 Variatio
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16 Introduction Holocaust are never
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18 Introduction ■■ the inclusio
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20 Introduction ■■ The chapter
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24 Methodology Of particular note w
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26 Methodology were asked questions
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28 Methodology Vocabulary test We e
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30 Methodology Table 2.2 Breakdown
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32 Methodology Focus group details
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34 Methodology How were the focus-g
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38 Collective conceptions of the Ho
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72 Encountering representations of
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102 Preface often socially construc
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Emile Holba, 2014
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106 Who were the victims? students
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108 Who were the victims? Figure 5.
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110 Who were the victims? statement
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112 Who were the victims? first ins
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114 Who were the victims? shipped o
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116 Who were the victims? With the
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118 Who were the victims? the war,
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120 Who were the victims? (Longeric
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122 Who were the victims? many of J
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124 Who were the victims? First Wor
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126 Who were the victims? asking
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128 Who were the victims? unending
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132 Who were the victims? the Nazi
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134 Who were the victims? and Read
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136 Who were the victims? many stud
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172 When and where did the Holocaus
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Page 213 and 214: Olivia Hemingway, 2014
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Page 236 and 237: Appendix 1: The Survey 225 Appendix
Page 238 and 239: Appendix 1: The Survey 227 How do y
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Page 242 and 243: Appendix 1: The Survey 231 Explorin
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Page 246 and 247: Appendix 1: The Survey 235 42. Who
Page 248 and 249: Appendix 1: The Survey 237 The Nazi
Page 250 and 251: Appendix 1: The Survey 239 64. What
Page 252 and 253: Appendix 1: The Survey 241 71. If y
Page 254 and 255: Appendix 1: The Survey 243 Returnin
Page 256 and 257: Appendix 1: The Survey 245 87. Have
Page 258 and 259: Appendix 2: Attitudinal scales used
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Page 264 and 265: Appendix 4: Schools that participat
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Page 270 and 271: References 259 Assmann, A. (2010)
Page 272 and 273: References 261 Carr, E.H. (1964) Wh
Page 274 and 275: References 263 Emler, N. and Ohana,
Page 276 and 277: References 265 Howitt, D. and Crame
Page 278 and 279: References 267 Levstik, L.S. (2000)
Page 280 and 281: References 269 Resnick, L.B. (1989)
Page 282 and 283: References 271 Snyder, T. (2009)
Page 284 and 285: References 273 Yeager, E., Anderson
Page 286: Centre for Holocaust Education UCL
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What do students know and understand about the Holocaust?

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