UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
Illustrations
Chapter 1: A world in search of an effective growth strategy
Table 1.1: World trends in population and GDP .................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 1.2: World shares of expenditure on R&D, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013 ................................................................................................................. 26
Table 1.3: World shares of researchers, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013 ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 1.4: World shares of scientific publications, 2008 and 2014 .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Table 1.5: Patents submitted to USPTO, 2008 and 2013 ................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Table 1.6: Internet users per 100 population, 2008 and 2013 .................................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 1.1: GERD financed by government as a share of GDP, 2005–2013 (%) ................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 1.2: GERD performed by business enterprises as a share of GDP, 2005–2013 (%) ........................................................................................ 29
Figure 1.3: Mutually reinforcing effect of strong government investment in R&D and researchers, 2010–2011 ................................... 31
Figure 1.4: Long-term growth of tertiary-level international students worldwide, 1975–2013 .......................................................................... 34
Figure 1.5: Trends in scientific publications worldwide, 2008 and 2014 .............................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 1.6: Trends in triadic patents worldwide, 2002, 2007 and 2012 ................................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 1.7: World shares of GDP, GERD, and publications for the G20, 2009 and 2013 (%) .................................................................................... 40
Chapter 2: Tracking trends in innovation and mobility
Box 2.1: European companies rate countries’ attractiveness for relocating their R&D ........................................................................................ 63
Box 2.2: Innovation in the BRICS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Table 2.1: Sectorial distribution of knowledge-related FDI projects, 2003–2014 ........................................................................................................ 65
Table 2.2: Highly important sources of information for firms ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
Table 2.3: Partners with which firms co-operate in innovation ................................................................................................................................................. 73
Figure 2.1: Trends in business R&D, 2001–2011 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 2.2: Types of innovator around the world .................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
Figure 2.3: Innovation rate of firms in the BRICS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 2.4: Most attractive countries for business R&D according to EU firms, 2014 .................................................................................................. 63
Figure 2.5: Trend in number of projects in the FDI database, 2003–2014 ............................................................................................................................ 64
Figure 2.6: Trends in knowledge-related FDI projects, 2003–2014 .......................................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 2.7: Firms with in-house or external R&D among surveyed countries ................................................................................................................... 70
Figure 2.8: Profile of the type of innovation done by firms in BRICS countries ................................................................................................................ 71
Figure 2.9: Firms’ linkages with universities and related institutions ..................................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 2.10: Outbound mobility ratio among doctoral students, 2000 and 2013 ............................................................................................................ 76
Figure 2.11: Distribution of international students, 2012 ................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Figure 2.12: Preferred destinations of international doctoral students in science and engineering fields, 2012 ...................................... 78
Figure 2.13: Main clusters of international student mobility, 2012 ............................................................................................................................................. 80
Figure 2.14: Percentage of national citizens with a doctorate who lived abroad in the past ten years, 2009 ............................................. 81
Figure 2.15: Percentage of foreign doctorate-holders in selected countries, 2009 ......................................................................................................... 81
Chapter 3: Is the gender gap narrowing in science and engineering?
Box 3.1: Explore the data ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 100
Box 3.2: The CGIAR: advancing the careers of women in global research ................................................................................................................... 101
Table 3.1: Female researchers by field of science, 2013 or closest year (%) ...................................................................................................................... 87
Table 3.2: Share of female tertiary graduates in four selected fields, 2013 or closest year (%) ........................................................................... 92
Figure 3.1: The leaky pipeline: share of women in higher education and research, 2013 (%) ............................................................................... 86
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