UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 7.3: Technological intensity of Latin American exports, 2013 45 70 Costa Rica 40 60 35 50 Costa Rica 43.3 High-tech exports as a percentage of manufactured exports (2013) 30 25 20 15 40 Cuba 35.4 30 23.0 20 Mexico 16.0 Brazil 9.6 10 8.4 7.9 Argentina 9.9 6.5 5.2 5.7 Colombia 7.4 2.0 Chile 4.9 0 1990–1992 1993–1995 1996–1998 1999–2001 2002–2004 2005–2007 2008–2010 2011–2013 Mexico 10 Bolivia Colombia Uruguay Argentina Brazil Paraguay 5 Chile Guatemala Ecuador Peru El Salvador 0 Dominican Republic Venezuela Panama Nicaragua 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Manufactured exports as a percentage of merchandise exports (2013) Source: author, based on raw data from the World Bank accessed in July 2015 178
Latin America TRENDS IN STI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE A growing public policy focus on R&D Over the past decade, several Latin American countries have given their scientific institutions more political weight. Honduras, for example, has passed a law (2013) and related decree (2014) creating a national innovation system composed of the National Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation (SENACIT) and the Honduran Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation (IHCIETI), among other bodies, including a national foundation for funding STI. In 2009, Colombia passed a law defining the attributes and mandates of each individual institution within its entire national innovation system. In so doing, it followed in the footsteps of Panama (2007), Venezuela (2005), Peru (2004), Mexico (2002) and Argentina (2001). In some cases, these new legal frameworks require that STI policies be approved by interministerial councils like the Scientific–Technological Cabinet (GACTEC) in Argentina. In other cases, STI policies may be approved by more eclectic councils bringing together the president, secretaries of state, academies of sciences and representatives of the private sector, as in the case of the Council for Scientific Research, Technological Development and Innovation (CGICDTI) 4 in Mexico. The most complex and sophisticated institutional ecosystems are found in the larger, richer economies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. 5 Argentina, Brazil and Costa Rica all have Ministries of Science, Technology and Innovation. In Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela, on the other hand, the science ministry shares its mandate with higher education or the environment. Chile has a National Innovation Council and Uruguay a Ministerial Cabinet for Innovation. Several countries still have National Science and Technology Councils with policy planning attributes, as in Mexico and in Peru. Other countries have national secretaries of science and technology, such as Panama and Ecuador. In March 2013, Ecuador also created a National Council for Science and Technology (see p. 203). Some have administrative departments responsible for science and technology, like Colombia’s Administrative Department for Science, Technology and Innovation (Colciencias). the public and/or private sectors (Lemarchand, 2010; CEPAL, 2014; IDB, 2014). In Colombia, for instance, 10% of the revenue from the General Royalties System Fund (est. 2011) goes towards STI. In Peru, 25% of the royalties from the exploitation of various natural resources are allocated to the regional government where the mining took place through what are known as Canon funds (est. 2001); of these royalties, 20% is earmarked exclusively for public investment in academic research that promotes regional development through science and engineering. In Peru, 5% of the royalties from mining are allocated to universities by law (2004). A similar law adopted by Chile in 2005 allocates 20% of mining revenue to an innovation fund (IDB, 2014). The most traditional mechanisms for promoting scientific research in Latin America are competitive grants and centres of excellence. Competitive funds may target infrastructure and the equipping of laboratories, take the form of travel grants, research grants, technological development grants or financial incentives that reward a researcher’s scientific productivity. Argentina’s Incentive Programme for University Teachers who conduct scientific research and the National System of Researchers (SNI) in Mexico 6 have played a fundamental role in expanding academic research. Two examples of centres of excellence are the Programa Iniciativa Científica Milenio in Chile and the Centro de Excelencia en Genómica in Colombia. Over the past two decades, most Latin American countries have created specific funds for competitive research and innovation. 7 Most of these funds originated from a series of national loans provided by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The IDB wields considerable influence over the design of national research and innovation policies by proposing specific terms of reference for how these loans should be allocated: as competitive grants, credits, scholarships, for public–private partnerships, new evaluation and assessment procedures, etc. Cuba adopted this competitive funding model in 2014 with the creation of the Financial Science and Innovation Fund (FONCI), which promotes research and innovation in the public and business enterprise sector. This is a major breakthrough for Cuba, considering that, up until now, the bulk of the research budget for all R&D institutions, personnel and research projects has come from the public purse. Chapter 7 A variety of sophisticated funding schemes for R&D Over the past decade, many countries have formulated strategic plans and designed a variety of new policy instruments, including fiscal incentives, to foster innovation in 4. Consejo General de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación 5. The complete organizational charts of all Latin American and Caribbean countries can be found at UNESCO’s Global Observatory of STI Policy Instruments (GO➝SPIN), which developed a prototype in 2010 for monitoring these national innovation systems. See: http://spin.unesco.org.uy 6. respectively the Programa de Incentivo a Docentes Investigadores (Argentina) and Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (Mexico); both programmes established a financial incentive for university teachers, according to their annual scientific productivity and their category of researcher 7. Examples are the Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (FONCYT) and Fondo Tecnológico Argentino (FONTAR, Argentina), Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDEF, Chile), Fondo de Riesgo para la Investigación (FORINVES, Costa Rica), Fondo Financiero de Ciencia e Innovación (FONCI, Cuba), Fondo de Apoyo a la Ciencia y Tecnología (FACYT, Guatemala), Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (FONACYT, Paraguay), Fondo para la Innovación, Ciencia y Tecnología (FINCYT, Peru) and the Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII, Uruguay) 179
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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