UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
Figure 20.3: GERD/GDP ratio in Southern Africa, 2012 or closest year .................................................................................................................................... 541
Figure 20.4: Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year ........................................................................... 542
Figure 20.5: Women researchers (HC) in Southern Africa, 2012 or closest year ............................................................................................................... 543
Figure 20.6: Scientific publication trends in SADC countries, 2005–2014 ............................................................................................................................ 544
Chapter 21: South Asia
Box 21.1: The South Asian University: shared investment, shared benefits .................................................................................................................. 569
Box 21.2: South Asia Regional Youth Grant competitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 572
Box 21.3: Quality higher education for Bangladesh ....................................................................................................................................................................... 581
Box 21.4: Agricultural technology to boost productivity in Bangladesh ......................................................................................................................... 583
Box 21.5: Using ICTs to foster collaborative learning in Bhutan ............................................................................................................................................ 584
Box 21.6: An app tracks a dengue outbreak in Pakistan .............................................................................................................................................................. 589
Box 21.7: Developing smart industry through the Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology ............................................................................... 594
Table 21.1: Tertiary enrolment in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, 2009 and 2012 or closest years ...................................................... 571
Table 21.2: University enrolment in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka by field of study, 2010 and 2012 or closest years ............................... 571
Table 21.3: Patent applications in South Asia, 2008 and 2013 .................................................................................................................................................... 575
Table 21.4: Researchers (FTE) in Pakistan’s public sector by employer, 2011 and 2013 ........................................................................................... 590
Figure 21.1: GDP per capita in South Asia, 2005–2013 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 567
Figure 21.2: FDI inflows to South Asia as a share of GDP, 2005–2013 (%) ............................................................................................................................ 568
Figure 21.3: Public expenditure on education in South Asia, 2008 and 2013 or closest years .............................................................................. 570
Figure 21.4: Internet users and mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants in South Asia, 2013 ............................................................... 572
Figure 21.5: GERD/GDP ratio in South Asia, 2006–2013 .................................................................................................................................................................... 573
Figure 21.6: South Asian ranking for private-sector expenditure on R&D, 2010–2014 ............................................................................................... 574
Figure 21.7: Researchers (HC) and technicians in South Asia per million inhabitants and by gender, 2007 and 2013
or closest years .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 575
Figure 21.8: Scientific publication trends in South Asia, 2005–2014 ........................................................................................................................................ 576
Figure 21.9: Afghanistan’s ambitious university reform .................................................................................................................................................................... 579
Figure 21.10: GDP per economic sector in South Asia, 2013 ............................................................................................................................................................. 582
Figure 21.11: Students enrolled in higher education in Nepal, 2011 and 2013 ................................................................................................................... 586
Figure 21.12: Pakistani Higher Education Commission’s budgetary allocations, 2009–2014 ................................................................................... 590
Figure 21.13: Growth in number of Pakistani universities, 2001–2014 ...................................................................................................................................... 591
Figure 21.14: Sri Lankan researchers (FTE) by sector of employment, 2008 and 2010 .....................................................................................................592
Chapter 22: India
Box 22.1: Frugal innovation in India ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 607
Box 22.2: The world’s most productive paddy farmer is Indian ............................................................................................................................................. 611
Box 22.3: Schemes to improve higher education in India .......................................................................................................................................................... 617
Table 22.1: Positive and disquieting features of India’s socio-economic performance, 2006–2013 ............................................................... 599
Table 22.2: Distribution of innovative and manufacturing activity within India, 2010 ............................................................................................. 604
Table 22.3: Exports of R&D and testing services from India and China to the USA, 2006–2011 ......................................................................... 606
Table 22.4: Examples of frugal innovation in India .............................................................................................................................................................................. 608
Figure 22.1: Scientific publication trends in India, 2005–2014 ..................................................................................................................................................... 601
Figure 22.2: R&D trends in Indian public and private enterprises, 2005–2011 (%) ........................................................................................................ 603
Figure 22.3: India’s main industrial performers, 2010 (%) ................................................................................................................................................................. 603
Figure 22.4: Trends in Indian patents, 1997–2013 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 605
Figure 22.5: Receipts, payments and net trade balance in the use of IPRs in India, 2000–2014 ........................................................................... 606
Figure 22.6: Share of foreign companies performing R&D in India (%), 2001–2011 ..................................................................................................... 607
Figure 22.7: Government outlay for India’s major science agencies, 2010 (%) ................................................................................................................. 609
xvi