UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
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<strong>UNESCO</strong> <strong>SCIENCE</strong> <strong>REPORT</strong><br />
Figure 2.9: Firms’ linkages with universities and related institutions<br />
Share of innovation-active manufacturing firms (%)<br />
45<br />
33.80<br />
Co-operation partners, high-income countries<br />
Highly important sources of information, high-income countries<br />
30<br />
15<br />
0<br />
Finland<br />
Belgium<br />
19.55<br />
19.16<br />
16.59<br />
7.8<br />
4.5 5.2<br />
4.3<br />
Luxembourg<br />
Czech Rep.<br />
15.71<br />
15.70<br />
2.5<br />
5.1<br />
Japan<br />
Slovakia<br />
14.36<br />
14.33<br />
13.87<br />
3.7<br />
Israel<br />
7.2 2.7<br />
Norway<br />
Croatia<br />
13.23<br />
13.06<br />
2.9<br />
3.4<br />
France<br />
Lithuania<br />
12.62<br />
10.00<br />
9.90<br />
9.10<br />
7.66<br />
7.45<br />
5.8<br />
3.9 4.2<br />
1.9 6.0<br />
Poland<br />
Korea, Rep. of<br />
Estonia<br />
Russian Fed.<br />
Cyprus<br />
3.2<br />
Portugal<br />
7.26<br />
5.0<br />
10.2<br />
7.20<br />
Spain<br />
New Zealand<br />
7.00<br />
4.0<br />
Malta<br />
5.90<br />
529<br />
1.40<br />
3.4 3.7<br />
Latvia<br />
Italy<br />
1.2<br />
Australia<br />
TRENDS IN SCIENTIFIC MOBILITY<br />
The diaspora can boost innovation at home and abroad<br />
Although new technologies like the internet have opened up<br />
possibilities for virtual mobility, physical movement remains<br />
crucial to cross-fertilize ideas and spread scientific discoveries<br />
across time and space. The following discussion will be<br />
examining recent trends in international scientific mobility,<br />
defined as the cross-border physical movement of people who<br />
participate in research training or research work. For the purpose<br />
of this analysis, we shall draw on the international learning<br />
mobility and career of doctorate-holders studies undertaken<br />
jointly by the <strong>UNESCO</strong> Institute for Statistics, OECD and Eurostat.<br />
There is a wealth of evidence to support the claim that diaspora<br />
knowledge networks can transform the local and international<br />
environment for innovation. As far back as the 1960s and<br />
1970s, the Korean and Taiwanese diaspora were persuaded<br />
to leave California’s Silicon Valley to establish science parks<br />
in their homeland (Agunias and Newland, 2012). Another<br />
example is the Colombian network of scientists and engineers<br />
abroad, which was set up in 1991 to reconnect expatriates with<br />
their home country (Meyer and Wattiaux, 2006).<br />
in 1992. In the 1990s, many Indians working in the USA’s<br />
IT industry began collaborating with their counterparts in<br />
India and outsourcing their work. A 2012 survey shows that<br />
12 of the top 20 IT firms in India have expatriate Indians as<br />
founders, co-founders, chief executive officers or managing<br />
directors (Pande, 2014). In 2009, the Indian government<br />
launched the Global Indian Network of Knowledge to<br />
facilitate knowledge exchange between the diaspora and<br />
India in business, IT and education (Pande, 2014).<br />
Between 2006 and 2015, the Dutch government implemented<br />
the Temporary Return of Qualified Nationals projects to help<br />
a number of post-conflict countries build their technological<br />
capacity and transfer knowledge. The voluntary return<br />
of highly qualified overseas nationals to Afghanistan for<br />
a maximum of six months to help rebuild their country<br />
has already brought about technological change and<br />
innovation in education, engineering and health (Siegel and<br />
Kuschminder, 2012). Elsewhere, temporary returnees have<br />
introduced new technology, revised university curricula and<br />
trained local instructors, among other things. One factor<br />
contributing to the project’s success is the participants’<br />
substantial knowledge of the local language and culture.<br />
A more recent case study concerns the Indian diaspora’s<br />
role in India’s information technology (IT) industry, which<br />
contributed as much as 7.5% to India’s GDP in 2012. Perhaps<br />
the most famous Indian expatriate in the IT industry is Satya<br />
Nadella, an engineer who was appointed chief executive<br />
officer of Microsoft in 2014 after joining the multinational<br />
Scientific mobility nurtures international research<br />
collaboration<br />
When Woolley et al. (2008) surveyed scientists in six Asia–Pacific<br />
countries, they found that those who had obtained research<br />
degrees and trained overseas were also active participants in<br />
international research collaboration. Jöns (2009) discovered<br />
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