UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
A shift towards sectorial funding of R&D
Brazil established 14 sectorial funds between 1999 and
2002 to channel taxes 8 levied on specific state-owned
companies towards fostering industrial development in key
industries and services such as oil and gas, energy, space or
information technology. Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay
have all reoriented their policies towards this type of vertical
funding, as opposed to horizontal funding which tends not to
prioritize fields. Mexico adopted 11 sectorial funds in 2003 and
a 12th for sustainability research in 2008. Other examples are
Argentina’s Sectorial Fund (FONARSEC, est. 2009) and the fund
for software (FONSOFT, est. 2004), as well as the Innovagro
Sectorial Fund for the Uruguayan agro-industry (est. 2008).
Brazil launched its own Inova-Agro programme in mid-2013.
Inova-Agro has since become the main tool for channelling
funding to the agribusiness sector disbursed by the National
Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES), since
it accounts for over 80% of the total of circa US$ 27 million;
more than four-fifths of Inova-Agro funding targets livestock,
fisheries and aquaculture.
8. For details, see the UNESCO Science Report 2010.
Sectorial funds are one illustration of the diversity of
sophisticated policy instruments (Table 7.1) promoting
research and innovation in Latin America, even if these
instruments have proved more effective in some countries
than others. All countries face the same challenges, however.
For one thing, there is a need to link endogenous research
with innovation in the productive sector – this problem was
already highlighted in the UNESCO Science Report 2010 and
stems from the lack of long-term industrial policies (over
decades) to promote private-sector innovation. There is also a
need to design and develop more effective policy instruments
to connect the demand and supply sides of national
innovation systems. In addition, there is a weak culture of
evaluation and oversight for scientific programmes and
projects in most Latin American countries; only Argentina and
Brazil can boast of having institutions that conduct strategic
foresight studies, the Centre of Management and Strategic
Studies (CGEE) in Brazil and the new Interdisciplinary Centre
for Studies in Science, Technology and Innovation (CIECTI) 9 in
Argentina, which opened in April 2015.
9. Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos (Brazil) and Centro Interdisciplinario de
Estudios de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina)
Table 7.1: Inventory of operational STI policy instruments in Latin America, 2010–2015
Country
Number of operational policy instruments
by objectives and goals
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
Argentina 22 9 25 2 32 15 5 4 5 14 12 10 38
Bolivia 2 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 4 3 1 5
Brazil 15 10 31 6 6 15 5 5 5 8 4 27
Chile 25 12 25 6 24 17 7 6 14 6 37
Colombia 6 1 2 1 10 1 1 3 2 2 1 6
Costa Rica 2 2 10 2 23 4 3 4 4 4
Cuba 5 1
Dominican Rep. 1
Ecuador 5 4 2 2 4 1 1 4
El Salvador 4 2 5 9 1 6 2
Guatemala 3 6 6 2 1 4
Honduras 1 1 1 2 1
Mexico 16 9 13 5 6 14 6 3 4 6 5 19
Nicaragua 1 1 1
Panama 5 2 14 6 3 1 1 1 4
Paraguay 8 1 6 5 4 1 3 2 5 3
Peru 10 7 12 1 6 3 5 1 1 2 6
Uruguay 13 3 11 1 13 9 2 3 3 8 4 14
Venezuela 5 1 3 2 7 2 1 2
Source: compiled by author on the basis of operational policy instruments collected by UNESCO’s
Montevideo office (http://spin.unesco.org.uy) and categorized using the new GO➞SPIN methodology:
see UNESCO (2014) Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Science, Engineering, Technology and Innovation
(SETI) Policy Instruments, SETI Governing Bodies, SETI Legal Framework and Policies
Policy instruments to:
a. strengthen production of new endogenous scientific
knowledge;
b. strengthen the infrastructure of public and private
research laboratories;
c. build capacity in research, innovation and strategic
planning;
d. strengthen gender equality in research and
innovation;
e. strengthen the social appropriation of scientific
knowledge and new technologies;
f. develop strategic S&T areas;
g. strengthen science education from primary to
postgraduate levels;
h. develop green technologies and technologies
fostering social inclusion;
i. promote indigenous knowledge systems;
j. strengthen co-ordination, networking and
integration processes in the research and innovation
eco-system to promote synergies among the
government, university and productive sectors;
k. strengthen the quality of technology foresight
studies to: assess the potential of high-value
markets; develop business plans for high-tech
companies; construct and analyse long-term
scenarios; and provide consulting services and
strategic intelligence;
l. strengthen regional and international co-operation,
networking and promotion of science and
technology;
m. promote start-ups in high-tech fields and new niche
products and services with high added value.
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