UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 12.3: GERD/GDP ratio for the Black Sea countries, 2001–2013 1.2 1.0 1.02 Turkey 0.95 0.8 0.71 Ukraine 0.77 Belarus 0.69 0.6 0.54 0.4 0.2 0.34 0.28 0.24 Georgia 0.18 Moldova 0.36 Armenia 0.24 Azerbaijan 0.21 0.0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, March 2015 High-tech exports 7 provide a more approximate measure; they place Belarus and Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Turkey, at levels similar to those of some major middle-income countries but their performance is by no means comparable to that of countries pursuing global competitiveness through technology-intensive production, such as Israel or the Republic of Korea (Table 12.3). This said, the fact that some countries are expanding production and trade in medium-tech products can also attest to STI activity, as we shall see in some of the country profiles that follow. Patents provide an even more roundabout indicator of innovation. Moreover, most Black Sea countries do not have patent indicators using the ‘nowcasting’ method, which provides reasonably accurate and timely estimates for OECD countries. With this caveat in mind, we can observe the following (Table 12.4): n Per unit of GDP, the number of patents filed by residents at the national patent offices of Black Sea countries was 7. including a growing number of commodities such as computers and other ICT goods among the highest in the world in 2012, according to the Global Innovation Index (2014). n Patent Cooperation Treaty applications, indicating an extra effort to protect intellectual property internationally, have been growing moderately in Armenia, Moldova and Ukraine and very strongly in Turkey. Applications to the two largest developed country offices (European Patent Office and the US Patent and Trademark Office) have grown quite strongly for Turkish residents and, to a lesser extent, for Armenian and Ukrainian ones. n None of the Black Sea countries seem to invest significant resources in Triadic patents, indicating that they are not yet at a stage of development where they can compete with the advanced economies for S&Tdriven industrial competitiveness. n The Black Sea countries appear to invest heavily in acquiring trademarks, which give a measure of creative effort but are less directly correlated with S&T as such, according to the Global Innovation Index (2014). 318
Countries in the Black Sea basin Figure 12.4: GDP per capita and GERD/GDP ratio in the Black Sea countries, 2010–2013 (average) For economies with GDP per capita between PPP$ 2 500 and PPP$ 30 000 2.50 Slovenia Estonia 2.00 China Chapter 12 Czech Republic Portugal 1.50 GERD/GDP ratio (%) Brazil Hungary Russian Federation 1.00 Malaysia Serbia Turkey Lithuania India Morocco Ukraine South Africa Belarus Croatia Latvia Poland Slovakia Greece Malta Bulgaria 0.50 Moldova Egypt Costa Rica Romania Mexico Cuba Chile Ghana Pakistan Armenia Georgia Mongolia Montenegro Uruguay Macedonia, FYR Azerbaijan 0 Kyrgyzstan Cabo Verde Paraguay Sri Lanka Namibia Guatemala El Salvador Colombia Iraq Panama Kazakhstan Trinidad and Tobago 2 500 7 500 12 500 17 500 22 500 27 500 Note: for Georgia, state budgetary expenditure on R&D only from the National Statistics Office Source: World Bank's World Development Indicators, as of September 2014; UNESCO Institute for Statistics, March 2015 319
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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Science for a sustainable and just
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