UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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UNESCO Figure 5.6: SCIENCE Science and REPORT engineering 2015 in the USA by state, 2010 Three states fall into the top category in both maps: Maryland, Massachusetts and Washington OREGON CALIFORNIA WASHINGTON NEVADA ALASKA IDAHO UTAH ARIZONA Science and engineering occupations as a share of all occupations, 2010 (%) The mean is 4.17%. MONTANA WYOMING COLORADO NEW MEXICO NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS TEXAS OKLAHOMA MINNESOTA IOWA WISCONSIN MISSOURI ARKANSAS 13.7% California’s share of national science and engineering occupations, the top US state for this indicator HAWAII LOUISIANA ILLINOIS MISSISSIPPI MICHIGAN INDIANA KENTUCKY TENNESSEE ALABAMA OHIO VERMONT NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA WEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA GEORGIA NORTH CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINA FLORIDA NEW HAMPSHIRE MAINE RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY DELAWARE MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS 5.59% and above 4.17% – 5.59% 2.75% – 4.17% Below 2.75% 32% National contribution of seven jurisdictions with the highest share of science and engineering occupations (in descending order): District of Columbia, Virginia, Washington, Maryland, Massachusetts, Colorado and California WASHINGTON OREGON NEVADA CALIFORNIA ALASKA IDAHO UTAH ARIZONA HAWAII MONTANA WYOMING NEW MEXICO R&D performed as a share of state GDP, 2010 (%) The mean is 2.31%. COLORADO NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS TEXAS OKLAHOMA MINNESOTA IOWA WISCONSIN MISSOURI ARKANSAS LOUISIANA ILLINOIS MISSISSIPPI 3.88% and above 2.31% – 3.88% 0.75% – 2.31% Below 0.75% MICHIGAN INDIANA KENTUCKY TENNESSEE ALABAMA OHIO VERMONT NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA WEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA GEORGIA NORTH CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINA FLORIDA NEW HAMPSHIRE MAINE RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT NEW JERSEY DELAWARE MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS 42% Contribution of six states to national R&D expenditure: New Mexico, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, California and Michigan Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics Survey (various years); National Science Foundation (2014) Science and Engineering Indicators 142
United States of America In 2012, business R&D activity was mainly concentrated in the States of California (28.1%), Illinois (4.8%), Massachusetts (5.7%), New Jersey (5.6%), Washington State (5.5%), Michigan (5.4%), Texas (5.2%), New York (3.6%) and Pennsylvania (3.5%). Science and engineering (S&E) employment is concentrated in 20 major metropolitan areas, comprising 18% of all S&E employment. The metropolitan areas with the greatest share of jobs in science and engineering in 2012 were all situated in the northeast, in Washington DC, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Second was the Boston metropolitan area in the State of Massachusetts and third was the Seattle metropolitan area in Washington State. Retiring baby boomers may leave jobs unfilled Concern about the retirement of the ‘baby boomers 7 ’ leaving R&D jobs unfilled is a major worry of company executives. The federal government will, thus, need to provide adequate funding to train the next generation of employees with skills in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. apprenticeship programmes in strategic areas, such as advanced manufacturing, information technology, business services and health care. Signs of inertia rather than a return to growth The recession has been bad for US business research spending. From 2003 to 2008, this type of expenditure had followed a generally upward trajectory. In 2009, the curve inverted, as expenditure fell by 4% over the previous year then again in 2010, albeit by 1–2% this time. Companies in high-opportunity industries like health care cut back less than those in more mature industries, such as fossil fuels. The largest cutbacks in R&D spending were in agriculture production: -3.5% compared to the average R&D to net sales ratio. The chemicals and allied products industry and electronic equipment industry, on the other hand, showed R&D to net sales ratios that were 3.8% and 4.8% higher than average. Although the amount of R&D spending increased in 2011, it was still below the level of 2008 expenditure. Many of the initiatives announced by the president focus on public–private partnerships like the American Apprenticeship Grants competition. This scheme was announced in December 2014 and is being implemented by the Department of Labor with an investment of US$ 100 million. The competition encourages public–private partnerships between employers, business associations, labour organizations, community colleges, local and state governments and NGOs to develop high-quality 7. Those born between 1946 and 1964 in the aftermath of the Second World War, when there was a surge in the birth rate. By 2012, the growth rate of business-funded R&D had recovered. Whether this continues will be contingent on the pursuit of economic recovery and growth, levels of federal research funding and the general business climate. Battelle’s 2014 Global R&D Funding Forecast (published in 2013) had predicted a 4.0% increase in R&D funded by business in the USA from 2013 to 2014 to US$ 307.5 billion – about one-fifth of global R&D. The industry information provider, IBIS World, shows business R&D expenditure increasing in 2015, decreasing in 2017–2018 then rising again, but only slightly, in 2019 (Edwards, 2015). IBIS attributes this to the transition from dependence on Chapter 5 Figure 5.7: Survival rate of US start-ups, 1992–2010 20 17.1 share of new firms (%) share of closed firms (%) 15 12.9 10 11.0 9.5 5 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: US Census Bureau, Business Dynamic Statistics, published by Gallup 143
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Illustrations
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 25.1. S
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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A more developmental approach to sc
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Science for a sustainable and just
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Policy-makers should ... focus not
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Figure UNESCO 2.1: SCIENCE Trends i
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Figure UNESCO 2.6: SCIENCE Trends i
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Figure UNESCO 2.6 SCIENCE (continue
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88 Figure 3.2: Share of female rese
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Figure 9.11 (continued) All EU memb
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Figure 13.1: Trends in GERD 1.29% 1
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RUSSIAN FEDERATION UNESCO Figure 14
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