UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
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<strong>UNESCO</strong> <strong>SCIENCE</strong> <strong>REPORT</strong><br />
Table 9.12: EU government budget appropriation for R&D by socio-economic objective, 2013 (%)<br />
Data for 2005 are given between brackets for comparison<br />
Exploration and<br />
exploitation of the<br />
Earth<br />
Environment<br />
Exploration and<br />
exploitation of space<br />
Transport, telecommunication<br />
and<br />
other infrastructure<br />
Energy<br />
Industrial production<br />
and technology<br />
Health<br />
Agriculture<br />
Education<br />
Culture, recreation,<br />
religion and mass<br />
media<br />
EU28 2.0 (1.7) 2.5 (2.7) 5.1 (4.9) 3.0 (1.7) 4.3 (2.7) 9.2 (11.0) 9.0 (7.4) 3.3 (3.5) 1.2 (3.1) 1.1<br />
Austria 1.7 (2.1) 2.4 (1.9) 0.7 (0.9) 1.1 (2.2) 2.6 (0.8) 13.3 (12.8) 4.9 (4.4) 1.7 (2.5) 1.7 (3.4) 0.3<br />
Belgium 0.6 (0.6) 2.2 (2.3) 8.9 (8.4) 1.7 (0.9) 1.9 (1.9) 33.5 (33.4) 2.0 (1.9) 1.3 (1.3) 0.3 (4.0) 2.1<br />
Bulgaria 4.3 1.5 2.0 1.1 0.2 7.8 2.0 20.0 7.3 1.1<br />
Croatia 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.6<br />
Cyprus 0.2 (1.9) 1.0 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 (1.5) 0.0 (0.4) 0.0 (1.3) 3.3 (10.4) 11.6 (23.5) 4.9 (8.2) 0.9<br />
Czech Rep. 1.8 (2.3) 2.0 (2.9) 1.9 (0.8) 4.3 (4.1) 3.2 (2.4) 14.6 (11.9) 6.4 (6.8) 3.8 (5.0) 1.2 (2.8) 1.7<br />
Denmark 0.4 (0.6) 1.6 (1.7) 1.3 (2.0) 0.6 (0.9) 4.0 (1.7) 7.9 (6.3) 12.6 (7.2) 3.5 (5.6) 3.9 (6.3) 1.6<br />
Estonia 1.0 (0.3) 5.5 (5.4) 2.8 (0.0) 6.1 (8.1) 1.4 (2.2) 10.4 (5.8) 9.0 (4.3) 9.5 (13.5) 3.5 (6.4) 4.6<br />
Finland 1.3 (1.0) 1.3 (1.8) 1.6 (1.8) 1.7 (2.0) 8.4 (4.8) 20.6 (26.1) 5.3 (5.9) 4.8 (5.9) 0.1 (6.1) 0.2<br />
France 1.1 (0.9) 1.9 (2.7) 9.7 (9.0) 6.1 (0.6) 6.7 (4.5) 1.6 (6.2) 7.6 (6.1) 2.0 (2.3) 6.6 (0.4) 6.6<br />
Germany 1.7 (1.8) 2.8 (3.4) 4.6 (4.9) 1.5 (1.8) 5.2 (2.8) 12.6 (12.6) 5.0 (4.3) 2.8 (1.8) 1.1 (3.9) 1.2<br />
Greece 4.7 (3.4) 2.0 (3.6) 1.4 (1.6) 4.1 (2.2) 2.4 (2.1) 2.1 (9.0) 8.0 (7.0) 3.3 (5.4) 0.5 (5.3) 19.0<br />
Hungary 1.8 (2.9) 2.6 (9.7) 0.5 (2.3) 6.7 (2.1) 6.8 (10.4) 14.2 (19.6) 10.3 (13.1) 8.2 (16.4) 0.6 (9.1) 2.2<br />
Ireland 0.4 (2.4) 1.2 (0.8) 2.4 (1.5) 0.5 (0.0) 0.5 (0.0) 22.3 (14.2) 5.7 (5.3) 13.4 (8.9) 2.9 (2.4) 0.0<br />
Italy 5.5 (2.9) 2.7 (2.7) 8.7 (8.0) 1.2 (1.0) 3.8 (4.0) 11.7 (12.9) 9.6 (9.9) 3.4 (3.4) 3.9 (5.3) 0.9<br />
Latvia 0.5 (0.6) 10.4 (0.6) 0.8 (1.1) 4.9 (2.3) 6.7 (1.7) 16.0 (5.1) 15.4 (4.0) 16.3 (7.3) 2.2 (1.7) 1.7<br />
Lithuania 3.0 (2.6) 0.2 (6.8) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (1.8) 4.6 (3.4) 5.4 (6.0) 4.7 (12.4) 5.3 (17.5) 0.6 (20.1) 2.1<br />
Luxembourg 0.5 (0.5) 3.2 (3.1) 0.4 (0.0) 1.0 (3.4) 1.6 (0.6) 13.2 (21.0) 18.3 (7.8) 0.5 (1.8) 11.6 (16.4) 0.4<br />
Malta 0.2 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 0.4 (0.0) 0.6 (0.0) 3.8 (5.6) 0.1 (6.9) 0.0<br />
Netherlands 0.5 (0.3) 0.7 (1.2) 3.5 (2.5) 2.6 (3.6) 2.1 (2.2) 8.8 (11.5) 4.9 (3.8) 3.1 (6.1) 0.5 (2.1) 0.5<br />
Poland 3.4 (1.8) 5.9 (2.4) 2.4 (0.0) 6.6 (1.2) 2.2 (0.9) 11.1 (5.9) 14.8 (1.9) 4.9 (1.3) 4.3 (0.9) 0.8<br />
Portugal 1.9 (1.6) 3.4 (3.5) 0.7 (0.2) 4.0 (4.5) 2.2 (0.9) 6.9 (15.1) 11.5 (7.6) 3.6 (9.9) 2.9 (3.4) 3.0<br />
Romania 3.7 (1.2) 7.4 (2.1) 1.8 (2.4) 3.7 (3.4) 3.7 (0.9) 12.9 (10.7) 2.8 (4.4) 4.9 (4.3) 4.7 (0.3) 0.4<br />
Slovakia 1.7 (0.6) 2.7 (3.3) 0.6 (0.0) 1.6 (1.0) 1.0 (11.5) 7.4 (0.0) 7.9 (1.6) 4.2 (5.0) 2.9 (3.6) 3.1<br />
Slovenia 1.2 (0.4) 3.1 (3.1) 0.5 (0.0) 3.3 (0.8) 2.9 (0.5) 15.2 (22.6) 7.3 (2.0) 4.0 (3.2) 1.2 (2.7) 1.8<br />
Spain 1.7 (1.6) 3.9 (3.0) 5.0 (3.5) 3.5 (5.5) 2.3 (2.2) 6.8 (18.5) 15.5 (8.2) 6.6 (6.3) 1.0 (2.2) 0.6<br />
Sweden 0.4 (0.7) 2.1 (2.2) 1.9 (1.2) 5.0 (3.8) 4.0 (2.3) 2.6 (5.4) 1.7 (1.0) 1.5 (2.2) 0.2 (5.0) 0.1<br />
UK 3.1 (2.3) 2.8 (1.8) 3.3 (2.0) 3.4 (1.1) 2.5 (0.4) 3.4 (1.7) 21.1 (14.7) 4.0 (3.3) 0.4 (3.5) 1.8<br />
Note: A direct comparison between the data for 2005 and 2013 is impossible for all objectives, as the classification was revised in 2007. Social structures and<br />
relationships has been split into Education, Culture, recreation, religion and mass media and Political and social systems, structures and processes and Other civil<br />
research has been distributed over all other socio-economic objectives except defence. Furthermore, for some countries, the categorization of expenditure under<br />
General advancement of knowledge differs considerably between 2005 and 2013.<br />
2013 than in 2007 and their R&D intensity has shrunk over the<br />
same period from 0.57 to 0.51. The economic crisis since 2008<br />
cannot be blamed for this weak performance, as the relative<br />
performance of the other ten new member states improved<br />
even during the crisis years.<br />
All 13 new member states have increased their scientific<br />
output, including when population is taken into account.<br />
The share of EU28 publications produced by the ten countries<br />
which joined in 2004 increased from 8.0% in 2004 to 9.6%<br />
in 2014 (Figure 9.9) and the share of three latest newcomers<br />
from 1.9% in 2007 to 2.1% in 2014. The scientific productivity<br />
of the ten countries which joined the EU in 2004 increased<br />
from about 405 publications per million inhabitants in 2004 to<br />
about 705 in 2014; this represents an increase of 74%, double<br />
the 36.8% rise for the EU15 over the same period. In Bulgaria,<br />
Croatia and Romania, scientific productivity increased by 48%<br />
between 2007 and 2014.<br />
The quality of the scientific publications produced by these<br />
13 countries has also improved. For the ten which joined<br />
in 2004, their share of papers among the 10% most-cited<br />
rose from 6.3% in 2004 to 8.5% in 2012. This progression<br />
has, nevertheless, been slower than for the EU15. Bulgaria,<br />
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