UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
n On the whole, the legislative and institutional framework
for intellectual property protection is in place in the
Black Sea countries but there is room for improvement,
especially for countries which are not members of the
World Trade Organization (WTO 8 ), both as concerns
compliance with WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (Sonnenburg et al.,
2012) and, in the case of Turkey, a stronger commitment to
fighting counterfeiting and piracy, for instance (EC, 2014).
8. Georgia joined the WTO in 2000, Moldova in 2001, Armenia in 2003 and Ukraine in
2008. Turkey has been a member of the Global Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (the
precursor to WTO) since 1951. Neither Azerbaijan, nor Belarus is a member.
Publications progressing in some countries,
stagnating in others
If we measure productivity in terms of articles published in
international journals, we find that Belarus, Moldova and
Ukraine were at about the same level in 2013 as in 2005; this
should be of concern (Figure 12.6). Armenia and Turkey have
made the most progress, with Armenia having almost doubled
the number of articles per million inhabitants from 122 to
215 over this period and Turkey’s ratio having risen from 185 to
243 per million. If we combine researcher density and output
per researcher, Turkey has clearly made the greatest progress;
it also has higher population growth than its neighbours.
Georgian scientists have not only increased their publication
Figure 12.5: GERD in the Black Sea region by sector of performance, 2005 and 2013
100
5.8
11.4
6.5
4.0
17.0
10.8
26.8
9.3
10.4
54.6
42.1
4.7
6.2
94.2
88.6
72.6
85.5
23.8
72.8
69.8
30.2
38.6
80
38.6
73.2
60
65.3
65.1
10.4
55.3
40
44.4
11.6
47.5
33.8
20
20.9
17.9
19.9
10.3
0
2005
2013 2005 2013 2005 2013 2005 2005 2013 2005 2013 2005 2013
Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Moldolva Turkey Ukraine
Business enterprise Government Higher education
Note: The data for Armenia and Georgia do not show business R&D expenditure as a separate category, since official statistics tend to use the classification system
inherited from Soviet times when all industrially oriented companies belonged to the state; although some companies have since been privatized, business
expenditure on R&D tends to be included in public sector expenditure to preserve a time series.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, March 2015
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