UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
Table 1.2: World shares of expenditure on R&D, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013
GERD (in PPP$ billions) Share of world GERD (%)
2007 2009 2011 2013 2007 2009 2011 2013
World 1 132.3 1 225.5 1 340.2 1 477.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
High-income economies 902.4 926.7 972.8 1 024.0 79.7 75.6 72.6 69.3
Upper middle-income economies 181.8 243.9 303.9 381.8 16.1 19.9 22.7 25.8
Lower middle-income economies 46.2 52.5 60.2 68.0 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.6
Low-income economies 1.9 2.5 3.2 3.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
Americas 419.8 438.3 451.6 478.8 37.1 35.8 33.7 32.4
North America 382.7 396.5 404.8 427.0 33.8 32.4 30.2 28.9
Latin America 35.5 39.8 45.6 50.1 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.4
Caribbean 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
Europe 297.1 311.6 327.5 335.7 26.2 25.4 24.4 22.7
European Union 251.3 262.8 278.0 282.0 22.2 21.4 20.7 19.1
Southeast Europe 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
European Free Trade Association 12.6 13.1 13.7 14.5 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
Other Europe 32.7 34.8 35.0 38.5 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6
Africa 12.9 15.5 17.1 19.9 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3
Sub-Saharan Africa 8.4 9.2 10.0 11.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8
Arab States in Africa 4.5 6.4 7.1 8.8 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6
Asia 384.9 440.7 524.8 622.9 34.0 36.0 39.2 42.2
Central Asia 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Arab States in Asia 4.3 5.0 5.6 6.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
West Asia 15.5 16.1 17.5 18.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2
South Asia 35.4 39.6 45.7 50.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4
Southeast Asia 328.8 378.8 455.1 545.8 29.0 30.9 34.0 36.9
Oceania 17.6 19.4 19.1 20.3 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4
Other groupings
Least developed countries 2.7 3.1 3.7 4.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
Arab States all 8.8 11.4 12.7 15.4 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0
OECD 860.8 882.2 926.1 975.6 76.0 72.0 69.1 66.0
G20 1 042.6 1 127.0 1 231.1 1 358.5 92.1 92.0 91.9 91.9
Selected countries
Argentina 2.5 3.1 4.0 4.6 -1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 -1
Brazil 23.9 26.1 30.2 31.3 -1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 -1
Canada 23.3 23.0 22.7 21.5 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5
China 116.0 169.4 b 220.6 290.1 10.2 13.8 b 16.5 19.6
Egypt 1.6 3.0 b 4.0 5.3 0.1 0.2 b 0.3 0.4
France 40.6 43.2 44.6 b 45.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 b 3.1
Germany 69.5 73.8 81.7 83.7 6.1 6.0 6.1 5.7
India 31.1 36.2 42.8 – 2.7 3.0 3.2 –
Iran 7.1 +1 3.1 b 3.2 -1 – 0.6 +1 0.3 b 0.3 -1 –
Israel 8.6 8.4 9.1 10.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Japan 139.9 126.9 b 133.2 141.4 12.4 10.4 b 9.9 9.6
Malaysia 2.7 -1 4.8 b 5.7 6.4 -1 0.3 +1 0.4 b 0.4 0.5 -1
Mexico 5.3 6.0 6.4 7.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Republic of Korea 38.8 44.1 55.4 64.7 3.4 3.6 4.1 4.4
Russian Federation 22.2 24.2 23.0 24.8 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.7
South Africa 4.6 4.4 4.1 4.2 -1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 -1
Turkey 6.3 7.1 8.5 10.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7
United Kingdom 37.2 36.7 36.8 36.2 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.5
United States of America 359.4 373.5 382.1 396.7 -1 31.7 30.5 28.5 28.1 -1
-n/+n = data are for n years before or after reference year
b: break in series with previous year for which data are shown
Note: GERD figures are in PPP$ (constant prices – 2005). Many of the underlying data are estimated
by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics for developing countries, in particular. Furthermore in a
substantial number of developing countries data do not cover all sectors of the economy.
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