UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

European Union
be considered as contributing positively to the EU’s
sustainable development targets. About one in four projects
implemented under the Seventh Framework Programme
concern these five themes. They are a priority for Denmark,
Finland and Slovenia, in particular. For Cyprus, Malta and the
UK, on the other hand, they represent fewer than one in five
projects (Table 9.9).
The data for the Seventh Framework Programme can also be
compared to those for patent applications in environmentrelated
technologies, greenhouse gas emissions and the share of
renewable energy in gross final energy consumption
(Table 9.10). In 2011, Denmark, Finland, Germany and Sweden
had the highest number of patent applications in environmentrelated
technologies per billion PPP euro GDP; moreover, the
absolute number of patent applications in this area also increased
most in these four countries between 2005 and 2011. Denmark
and Finland also figure prominently in ‘high sustainability’
research projects under the Seventh Framework Programme.
Greenhouse gas emissions down
By 2012, greenhouse gas emissions had declined for 20 EU
countries in comparison to 1990 levels but, compared to 2005,
they had actually increased in four member states: Estonia,
Latvia, Malta and Poland. This said, many factors influence
greenhouse gas emissions, including changes in energy
Table 9.10: Key indicators for measuring progress towards Europe 2020 objectives for societal challenges
Environment-related technologies:
patent applications to the EPO per billion GDP
in current PP€
Greenhouse gas emissions:
1990 = 100
Share of renewable energy in gross inal energy
consumption (%)
2005 2011 Change 2005 2012 Change (%) 2005 2012 Change (ratio)
EU28 0.31 0.46 0.15 93.2 82.1 -11.1 8.7 14.1 1.6
Austria 0.47 0.72 0.25 119.7 104.0 -15.7 24.0 32.1 1.3
Belgium 0.27 0.40 0.13 99.7 82.6 -17.1 2.3 6.8 3.0
Bulgaria 0.00 0.02 0.02 58.5 56.0 -2.5 9.5 16.3 1.7
Croatia 0.00 0.00 0.00 95.8 82.7 -13.1 12.8 16.8 1.3
Cyprus 0.00 0.02 0.02 158.1 147.7 -10.4 3.1 6.8 2.2
Czech Rep. 0.06 0.07 0.01 74.7 67.3 -7.4 6.0 11.2 1.9
Denmark 0.69 1.87 1.18 94.7 76.9 -17.8 15.6 26.0 1.7
Estonia 0.00 0.30 0.30 45.6 47.4 1.8 17.5 25.8 1.5
Finland 0.39 0.91 0.52 98.0 88.1 -9.9 28.9 34.3 1.2
France 0.33 0.43 0.10 101.5 89.5 -12.1 9.5 13.4 1.4
Germany 0.74 1.05 0.31 80.8 76.6 -4.2 6.7 12.4 1.9
Greece 0.01 0.05 0.04 128.2 105.7 -22.5 7.0 13.8 2.0
Hungary 0.11 0.12 0.01 80.7 63.7 -17.0 4.5 9.6 2.1
Ireland 0.09 0.16 0.07 128.2 107.0 -21.1 2.8 7.2 2.6
Italy 0.19 0.22 0.03 111.5 89.7 -21.8 5.9 13.5 2.3
Latvia 0.04 0.06 0.03 42.5 42.9 0.4 32.3 35.8 1.1
Lithuania 0.00 0.03 0.03 47.8 44.4 -3.3 17.0 21.7 1.3
Luxembourg 0.61 0.35 -0.26 108.3 97.5 -10.8 1.4 3.1 2.2
Malta 0.13 0.00 -0.13 147.8 156.9 9.2 0.3 2.7 9.0
Netherlands 0.33 0.50 0.17 101.8 93.3 -8.6 2.3 4.5 2.0
Poland 0.03 0.04 0.01 85.6 85.9 0.3 7.0 11.0 1.6
Portugal 0.04 0.08 0.04 144.5 114.9 -29.7 19.5 24.6 1.3
Romania 0.01 0.02 0.01 57.0 48.0 -9.1 17.6 22.9 1.3
Slovakia 0.04 0.03 -0.01 68.7 58.4 -10.3 5.5 10.4 1.9
Slovenia 0.03 0.10 0.08 110.2 102.6 -7.6 16.0 20.2 1.3
Spain 0.06 0.13 0.07 153.2 122.5 -30.8 8.4 14.3 1.7
Sweden 0.67 1.03 0.36 93.0 80.7 -12.3 40.5 51.0 1.3
UK 0.17 0.26 0.09 89.8 77.5 -12.3 1.4 4.2 3.0
Note: The term ‘environment-related technologies’ refers to patent applications in the following thematic areas: general environmental management; energy
generation from renewable and non-fossil sources; combustion technologies with mitigation potential; technologies specific to climate change mitigation;
technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to mitigating emissions; emissions abatement and fuel efficiency in transportation; and energy efficiency
in buildings and lighting.
Source: for greenhouse gas emissions, the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and GDP in current PP€: Eurostat; for the number
of patent applications in environment-related technologies: OECD
Chapter 9
249