UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
Figure 5.5: Proportional allocation of federal R&D spending in the USA by discipline, 1994–2011 (%)
100
NIH Life science Other life sciences Psychology Physical science Environmental science Maths / Computer science
Engineering Social sciences Other
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
Source: American Association for the Advancement of Science
NSF budget likely to remain flat
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the USA’s largest
source of research grants for non-medical sciences. It funds most
non-medical biological research and research in mathematics.
At the time of writing in August 2015, the 2016 and 2017 NSF
budgets have not yet been approved by Congress. Current
estimates are that they will be flat for both years. The NSF
has requested US$ 7.723 billion for 2015 in its submission to
Congress, a 5% increase over the estimated budget. However,
in the latest version of the America COMPETES Reauthorization
Act of 2015, the House Committee on Science, Space and
Technology has recommended an annual appropriation of
US$ 7.597 billion for the 2016 and 2017 financial years, a mere
3.6% increase (US$ 263 million) over the current budget.
Although the NSF indicates an overall 23% success rate among
grant applicants, some directorates have higher success rates
than others. The average NSF grant runs to about US$ 172 200
per year for three years on average, which includes institutional
overheads. A 23% success rate is considered fairly low, although
success rates for some NSF programmes have been as low as
4–5% in some years.
Targeted cuts in 2016 to the Geosciences Directorate of 16.2%
may have unintended consequences: in addition to climate
change, the Geosciences Directorate also funds public interest
research that is critical to tornado, earthquake and tsunami
prediction and preparedness.
With the notable exception of the Departments of Defense
and Energy, most government departments have much
smaller research budgets than either the NIH or NSF (Figures
5.4 and 5.5). The Department of Agriculture requested a US
$4 billion budget increase for 2016 but only a small portion
of this department’s US$ 25 billion in discretionary funds
goes to research. Moreover, most of the research conducted
by the Forest Service research is likely to be cut. As for the
Environmental Protection Agency, it faces strong opposition
from many Congressional Republicans who consider
environmental regulations to be anti-business.
Six million work in science and engineering
The occupation of nearly six million US workers involved science
or engineering in 2012. Over the period of 2005–2012, the USA
had, on average, 3 979 full-time equivalent R&D researchers
140