UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT CONCLUSION Innovation performance down for half of EU The EU, in general, and the 19 members of the Eurozone, in particular, have been hard hit by the economic crisis. Unemployment rates have spiralled upwards, with one out of four EU citizens below the age of 25 years being without a job in 2013. This economic hardship has created political instability, with some countries questioning their place in the EU and the UK even contemplating a Brexit. The Eurozone countries have had to bail out several banks over the past five years. Today, they face additional problems, as the growing public debt burden of some members sows doubts as to their financial credibility. Eurozone countries, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund have all had to lend substantial amounts of money to Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and, above all, Greece. Whereas the other countries have managed to restore their economy by implementing structural reforms, the Greek economy is still convalescent. Despite Greece having adopted a new austerity package in July 2015, there is still a risk that it may have to leave the Eurozone as a result of what increasingly appears to be an unbearable public debt burden. The EU has adopted an energetic programme to 2020 to conjugate the crisis and foster smart, inclusive and sustainable growth, Europe 2020. One of the key strategies is the Innovation Union, a compilation of more than 30 commitments for improving the capacity of countries to innovate. The EU’s eighth framework programme for research and technological development, Horizon 2020, is endowed with by far the greatest budget ever, € 80 billion. With almost one-third of this amount to be spent on promoting research excellence, Horizon 2020 should raise the EU’s scientific output considerably. Scientific excellence is being fostered by the European Research Council, which is responsible for 17% of the overall budget of Horizon 2020 in the form of grants to researchers at different stages of their career. The European Research Council has had a profound impact on scientific output and on national research funding, with many member states having created similar institutions and funding schemes. Despite the framework programmes, EU funding makes up only a modest share of total funding for R&D. The lion’s share comes from national governments and businesses. The EU has formulated an ambitious goal of spending 3% of GDP on R&D by 2020 but progress has been slow in many countries. trend is a consequence of the drop in the share of innovative companies, public–private scientific collaboration and the availability of risk capital. This calls for further support of innovation at both the EU and national levels by making access to finance easier for SMEs, facilitating the inflow of researchers from beyond the EU, by promoting collaboration within but also between the private and public sectors and by harmonizing national support programmes and even replacing them with EU support programmes to increase the scale of EU research and avoid overlap between national activities. There is support for business innovation in the new Horizon 2020 programme but, even more importantly, member states are taking the initiative in this area. Several countries are re-emphasizing the importance of technology-intensive manufacturing, including France and Germany, and acknowledging the special role that SMEs play in this area by making funds more accessible to smaller companies. Knowledge and technology transfer are being reinforced through the promotion of public–private partnerships. Only time will tell whether this intensified support for research and innovation has had a positive, marked impact on innovation in Europe. That analysis will have to wait for the next UNESCO Science Report in five years’ time. KEY TARGETS FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION n At least 75% of people between 20 and 64 years of age should be employed by 2020; n On average, 3% of GDP should be invested in research and development (R&D) by 2020; n By 2020, greenhouse gas emissions should be limited by at least 20% compared to emission levels in 1990, 20% of energy should come from renewables and there should be a 20% increase in energy efficiency (known as the 20:20:20 target); n School dropout rates should be reduced to below 10% and at least 40% of people between 30 and 34 years of age should have completed tertiary education by 2020; n The number of persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion should be reduced by at least 20 million by 2020. Although the gap between the least and most innovative countries has narrowed, the innovation performance of almost half of member states has worsened. This worrying 270
European Union REFERENCES Alet, C. (2015) Pourquoi le Sénat a passé son rapport sur le crédit impôt recherche à la déchiqueteuse. Alterécoplus online, 17 June. Attané, M. (2015) The Juncker plan risks making innovation an afterthought. Research Europe, 5 March. Böttcher, B. and E. Schmithausen (2014) A future in the EU? Reconciling the ‘Brexit’ debate with a more modern EU, EU Monitor - European Integration, Deutsche Bank Research. Downes, L. (2015) How Europe can create its own Silicon Valley. Harvard Business Review, 11 June. European Commission (2015a) Innovation Union Scoreboard 2015. European Commission: Brussels. European Commission (2015b) Seventh FP7 Monitoring Report. European Commission: Brussels. European Commission (2014a) Research and Innovation performance in the EU – Innovation Union progress at country level. European Commission: Brussels. European Commission (2014b) Report on the Implementation of the Strategy for International Co-operation in Research and Innovation. European Commission: Brussels. European Commission (2014c) Research and Innovation - Pushing boundaries and improving the quality of life. European Commission: Brussels. European Commission (2014d) Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2014, European Commission: Brussels. European Commission (2014e) State of the Innovation Union - Taking Stock 2010-2014. European Commission: Brussels. European Commission (2014f) Taking stock of the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2014) 120 final/2. European Commission: Brussels. European Commission (2011) Towards a space strategy for the European Union that benefits its citizens. COM (2011) 152 final. European Commission: Brussels. European Commission (2010) Communication from the Commission - Europe 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM (2010) 2020. European Commission: Brussels. Gallois, D. (2014) Galileo, le future rival du GPS, enfin sur le pas de tir. Le Monde, 21 August. Hermann, M., T. Pentek and O. Boris (2015) Design principles for Industrie 4.0 scenarios: A literature review, Working Paper No. 01/2015, Technische Universitaet Dortmund. Hernández, H.; Tübke, A.; Hervas, F.; Vezzani, A.; Dosso, M.; Amoroso, S. and N. Grassano (2014) EU R&D Scoreboard: the 2014 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard. European Commission: Brussels. Hove, S. van den, J. McGlade, P. Mottet and M.H. Depledge (2012) The Innovation Union: a perfect means to confused ends? Environmental Science and Policy, 16: 73–80. Kagermann, H., W. Wahlster and J. Helbig (2013) Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0: Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group. OECD (2014) OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Netherlands. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Paris. Oliver, T. (2013) Europe without Britain: assessing the Impact on the European Union of a British withdrawal. Research Paper. German Institute for International and Security Affairs: Berlin. MoFA (2014) Poland’s 10 years in the European Union. Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Warsaw. Roland, D. (2015) AstraZeneca Pfizer: timeline of an attempted takeover. Daily Telegraph, 19 May. Royal Society et al. (2015). Building a Stronger Future: Research, Innovation and Growth. February. Technopolis (2012) Norway’s affiliation with European Research Programmes – Options for the future. Final report, 1 March. The Economist (2015) Why, and how, Britain might leave the European Union. The Economist, 29 April. Hugo Hollanders (b. 1967: Netherlands) is an economist and researcher at UNU-MERIT (Maastricht University) in the Netherlands. He has over 15 years of experience in innovation studies and innovation statistics. He is primarily involved in research projects funded by the European Commission, including as lead author of its innovation scoreboard report. European Environment Agency (2015) The European environment - state and outlook 2015: Synthesis report. European Environment Agency: Copenhagen. European Research Council (2014) Annual Report on the ERC activities and achievements in 2013. Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg. European Research Council (2015) ERC in a nutshell. Minna Kanerva (b. 1965: Finland) shares her time between the Sustainability Research Studies Centre (artec) in Germany and UNU-MERIT in Maastricht (Netherlands). Her research interests include sustainable consumption, climate change, eco-innovation, nanotechnologies and measuring innovation. She is currently completing her PhD. Chapter 9 271
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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