UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In the absence of robust public policy to support and entrench STI in the national development process, it is researchers themselves who are devising innovative means of driving STI. Harold Ramkissoon and Ishenkumba A. Kahwa A student prepares a tooth to receive a dental filling, ‘observed’ by a simulator software which can detect any incisions and compare them to an optimal one. Among the onlookers are the Hon. Portia Simpson Miller, Prime Minister of Jamaica, and Prof. Archibald McDonald, Principal of the Mona Campus of the University of the West Indies. Photo: © University of the West Indies, Mona Campus 156
6 . Caricom Caricom Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago Harold Ramkissoon and Ishenkumba A. Kahwa INTRODUCTION Low growth and high debt Most members of the Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM) are highly indebted 1 (Table 6.1), as they struggle to emerge from the global recession triggered in September 2008, which stressed their banking system and led to the failure of a major regional insurance 2 company in 2009. After meeting their debt obligations, there is little left for the state to support 1. The ratio of public debt to GDP rose by about 15 percentage points in the Caribbean between 2008 and 2010 (IMF, 2013). 2. The region lost about 3.5% of GDP after the failure of the CL Financial Group in January 2009; this group of insurance companies had invested in real estate and other vulnerable assets in a weak regulatory environment. The group was active in all the CARICOM countries but Haiti and Jamaica. It was based in Trinidad & Tobago, where GDP shrank by as much as 12% (IMF, 2013). socio-economic imperatives. Consequently, the 2010–2014 period can best be described as one of slow growth. GDP progressed by about 1% on average over this period, although growth climbed to 2.3% in 2013 and growth of 3% is projected for 2014 (Figure 6.1). Apart from natural resource-rich Trinidad and Tobago, which has been able to weather the economic storm thus far, thanks to high commodity prices, unemployment remains high in the region. Both Grenada and Barbados have had delicate conversations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), while Jamaica has signed an agreement with the IMF leading to some painful adjustments. The majority of countries are dependent on tourism but, as Table 6.1 shows, remittances from the region’s diaspora are quite significant contributors to many national incomes. In Haiti, remittances even account for about one-fifth of GDP. Table 6.1: Socio-economic indicators for CARICOM countries, 2014 or closest year Population, 2014 (‘000s) Population growth, 2014 (annual %) GDP per capita, 2013 (current PPP$) Unemployment rate, 2013 (%) Inflation, consumer prices, 2013 (%) Debt to GDP ratio, 2012 (%) Remittances, 2013 (US$ millions) Key sectors Internet access, 2013 (%) Mobile phone subscriptions, 2013 (%) Antigua & Barbuda 91 1.0 20 977 – 1.1 97.8 21 Tourism 63.4 127.1 Bahamas 383 1.4 23 102 13.6 0.4 52.6 – Tourism 72.0 76.1 Barbados 286 0.5 15 566 12.2 1.80 70.4 82 Tourism 75.0 108.1 Belize 340 2.3 8 442 14.6 0.7 81.0 74 Goods export (agriproducts and oil) 31.7 52.9 Dominica 72 0.5 10 030 – 0.0 72.3 24 Tourism 59.0 130.0 Grenada 106 0.4 11 498 – 0.0 105.4 30 Tourism 35.0 125.6 Guyana 804 0.5 6 551 11.1 1.8 60.4 328 Goods export and tourism 33.0 69.4 Haiti 10 461 1.4 1 703 7.0 5.9 – 1 780 Agriculture 10.6 69.4 Jamaica 2 799 0.5 8 890 15.0 9.3 143.3 2 161 Goods export and tourism 37.8 100.4 Montserrat 5 – – – – – – Tourism – – St Kitts & Nevis 55 1.1 20 929 – 0.7 144.9 51 Tourism 80.0 142.1 St Lucia 184 0.7 10 560 – 1.5 78.7 30 Tourism 35.2 116.3 St Vincent & Grenadines 109 0.0 10 663 – 0.8 68.3 32 Tourism 52.0 114.6 Suriname 544 0.9 16 266 7.8 1.9 18.6 7 Trinidad & Tobago Goods export (energy, bauxite/ alumina) and tourism 1 344 0.2 30 349 5.8 5.2 35.7 126 -2 Goods export (energy) 37.4 127.3 63.8 144.9 Chapter 6 Source: For population data: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2013) World Population Prospects: 2012 Revision; for GDP and related data: World Bank’s World Development Indicators, February 2015; for government debt: World Bank’s World Development Indicators and IMF (2013); for internet and mobile phone subscriptions: International Telecommunications Union. IMF (2013); for remittances: World Bank’s World Development Indicators, February 2015; for type of economy: ECLAC. 157
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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RUSSIAN FEDERATION UNESCO Figure 14
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