UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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Science powers commerce – but not only. Paul Dufour A truck driver gives Hitchbot, the talking, hitchhiking robot, a ride part of the way to its destination, during a Canadian experiment to test public attitudes towards robots. Photo: © Norbert Guthier: www.guthier com 106
4 . Canada Paul Dufour Canada INTRODUCTION Priorities: job creation and balancing the books When last we reviewed the Canadian science, technology and innovation (STI) scene in the <strong>UNESCO</strong> Science Report 2010, a federal Conservative government had been in power since 2006 1 . Since then, Canada has weathered the fiscal downturn fairly well, in part because of its sound financial banking services industry but also because the Canadian economy relied heavily on its endowment of energy sources and other natural resources, assets that are always in demand in the fast-paced emerging global environment. When the shockwaves from the US financial crisis turned a healthy budget surplus of CAN$ 13.8 billion in 2006 into a budget deficit of CAN$ 5.8 billion two years later, the government reacted by adopting a stimulus package in January 2009. This package encouraged consumer spending and investment through tax breaks and other measures, in an attempt to reverse the downturn. The package was costly (CAN$ 35 billion) and left the government deeper in debt: the deficit peaked at CAN$ 55.6 billion in 2009–2010. Balancing the budget by 2015 became the cornerstone of the government’s multi-year Economic Action Plan (2010), which promised ‘responsible fiscal management’ to ensure ‘ongoing economic growth and job creation over the longer term’. In 2014, the government projected that the deficit would fall to CAN$ 2.9 billion by 2014–2015, with a return to a budget surplus the following year. In 2015, the latter is very much in doubt. In order to meet its deficit target, the government sold its remaining shares in the General Motors bailout of 2009. However, as oil prices have 1. The Conservative Party came to power in the 2006 federal election. Initially, a minority government, it won its first majority government in the 2011 elections. Stephen Harper has been prime minister since 2006. plummeted since mid-2014, it is not clear what impact this will have on the overall fiscal health of the Canadian economy. One of the government’s key strategies has been to create jobs 2 by expanding trade. In his introduction to the Global Markets Plan adopted in 2013, the Minister of International Trade Ed Fast recalled that ‘today, trade is equivalent to more than 60% of our annual GDP and one in five Canadian jobs is directly linked to exports’. The main goal of Canada’s Global Commerce Strategy (2007) was to ‘extend our reach to new emerging markets’; by 2014, Canada had concluded free trade agreements with no fewer than 37 countries, including a major deal with the European Union (EU). Its successor, the Global Markets Action Plan (2013), fine-tuned this strategy by eliminating trade barriers and cutting red tape to boost trade with established and emerging markets 3 considered to hold the greatest promise for Canadian business. Concerns about public interest science, business R&D and education The government’s incremental approach to policy-making over the past decade has translated into a lack of bold moves to stimulate funding for science and innovation. The organizational ecology of science and technology (S&T) has undergone some change, with a growing focus on economic returns from investment in knowledge. In parallel, gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) as a percentage of GDP has been dropping (Figure 4.1). 2. The unemployment rate has remained steady since 2000, at between 6% and 8% of the active population. In April 2015, for instance, 6.8% of Canadians were unemployed (Statistics Canada). 3. The following emerging markets are considered as being priorities for foreign direct investment, technology and talent and/or part of regional trading platforms: Brazil, China (including Hong Kong), Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, India, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Viet Nam Chapter 4 Figure 4.1: GERD/GDP ratio in Canada, 2000–2013 (%) 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.91 1.7 1.6 1.5 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1.63 Source: Statistics Canada 107
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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