Lands of Asia layouts (Eng) 26.11.21

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century BC and the 3rd century AD Chaganian was part of the Kushan state. During
this period, the region’s economy and culture evolved considerably, and many cities
and settlements emerged, along with the development of commodity and money
relations and irrigated agriculture, while many different kinds of crafts, and fine and
applied arts, especially applied monumental clay and plaster sculpture (for example
in Khalchayan and Dalverzintepa), flourished. Towards the end of the 3rd and in
the 4th century AD, Chaganian came under the rule of the Sassanid Kushanshahs.
In the second half of the 5th and the first half of the 6th century AD, this area was
alternately ruled by the Hephthalites and the Sassanids. From the second half of the
6th to the second half of the 8th century AD, Chaghanian was governed by a local
dynasty of East Iranian origin, who were only nominally subordinate to the supreme
rulers of Tokharistan, the Turkic Yabghus. The names of some Chaganian Hidevs or
Chagankhudats (rulers) have been determined on the basis of written, epigraphic
and numismatic data, i.e. Faganish, Sashr, Zarin, Turantash, Tish and Hnar. In the
second half of the 7th century AD, Arabs raided Chaganian and they overthrew the
local dynasty at the end of the 8th century AD. From the middle or second half of
the 9th century until the beginning of the 11th century AD, Chaganian became the
hereditary domain of rulers from the Muhtajid dynasty, who were among the most
powerful semi-independent vassals of the Samanids. The Amirs of this dynasty,
Abu Bakr Muhammad Bin Muzaffar (died AD 940/41) and especially Ahmad Bin
Abu Bakr Muhammad, also known as Abu Ali Chagani (died AD 955/56), played
a prominent role in the Samanid state, holding the most important administrative
positions as deputies of Khorasan and the Sipahsalars. Under the Muhtajids, in
addition to the territory that corresponds to the present-day Surkhan Darya region,
Chaganian also comprised the Shuman and Akharun regions in north-west Tajikistan.
The capital city of Chaganian had the same name and was located at the site of the
ancient settlement of Budrach, 6 km southeast of Denau at the confluence of the
Kyzylsu and Syr Darya rivers. At the time, the city of Chaganian (or Saganian) was
one of the most significant economic and cultural centres in Central Asia, with an area
of about 6 hectares. The Chaganian amir Ahmad Bin Muhammad became famous in
the East as the patron (mamduh) of many renowned poets, such as Dakiki, Farruki
and Manjuki. In the first half of the 11th century AD, Chaganian depended to some
degree on the Qarakhanids, at times becoming a short-lived sovereign domain. In the
second half of the 11th to the first half of the 12th century, Chaganian was absorbed
into the Seljukid state. During the period from the second half of the 12th to the
early 13th century it was ruled at different times by the Qarakhanids, Karluks, Gurids
and Khorezmshahs. After the Mongol conquest in the mid-13th century, Chaganian
became the hereditary possession of Chagatai’s grandson Yesun-Tuva and then his
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