Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality

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XIV Volume Preface to the First Edition probably with some neglect of important research that has not yet entered this arena. A comprehensive treatment of the topics would require more than one Volume of The Mycota. However, the contributors were asked to consider all relevant aspects and to stress future developments in their specific and related areas of research. We therefore hope that this Volume will not only provide a source of information for what has already been achieved but that it may also influence future research and developments in this field. Groningen, The Netherlands Münster, Germany April 1994 Joseph G.H. Wessels Friedhelm Meinhardt Volume Editors
Volume Preface to the Second Edition This volume is an update of Volume I of the series The Mycota, which appeared more than ten years ago. To us, the first edition of the book has been and, in some areas, still is a major source of ideas and knowledge concerning fungal development and reproduction. Since then, however, three major breakthroughs in molecular biology have caused fast progress in our understanding of fungal development and have also opened up new research fields. First, the improvement of PCR-based methods has facilitated faster access to genes and, in combination with reverse transcriptase, to transcripts. In addition, these methods have made it possible to investigate fungi which do not grow well on agar plates, such as obligate biotrophic fungi, and they have offered us the opportunity to analyse fungal populations in the field. Second, the advent of green and other fluorescent proteins in fungi in 1995 has caused a “green revolution”, just like in many other fields of biology. Third, the publication of the full Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome in 1996, and of many more fungal genomes since then, has opened the way to genome-wide assessments and the widespread use of reverse genetics approaches. We are very much indebted to Jos Wessels for his initial input in structuring this new Volume I, and his wealth of scientific and editorial experience has greatly helped to get the final design of the volume. Several of the authors of chapters in the first edition agreed to update their contributions, in many instances with a totally new focus. Others, however, had retired from science and, above all, we mourn the loss of Graham Gooday. New authors were asked to join the project, particularly in fast-progressing sectors and also in newly emerged fields dealing with novel developments in studies of growth, differentiation and sexuality. Due to space limitations, some subject matter, formerly treated in several chapters, has now been condensed, with the inevitable cost of loosing out on some knowledge and detailed information. An example is the field of meiosis, which formerly was presented in three chapters, now only in one. Likewise, in the first edition four chapters dealt with aspects of mating type genes, but in this second edition we have only two chapters specifically assigned to these genes. We therefore apologize to authors and readers if excellent parts of the former book have been left out of the current version, and we would like to draw attention to the older Volume I in The Mycota series, which in many cases still adds to the text presented here. Furthermore, we refer the reader to other books in The Mycota series, in particular to Volume 8, dealing with the related field of cell biology. Cross-references within the chapters of the present book will help in learning more about related topics in this and other books of the series. Issues of vegetative processes and growth are nowadays not easily fully separated from those dealing with reproduction, and vice versa. As will be repeatedly found in thisbook,oftenthesamecellularplayersareinvolvedingrowthandinreproduction. Grouping of chapters into general themes is thus not always that clear cut. This second edition of Volume 1 has been divided into three sections, according to the main foci of the chapters. The first ten chapters deal with vegetative processes and growth. There is one chapter on fungal cell types, and two chapters on organelle inheritance and mitosis. The following two contributions summarize our current knowledge about the fungal cell wall and its biogenesis. How fungal compartments are separated is described in Chapter 6. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with mechanisms of fungal cell fusion and incompatibility
Page 2 and 3: The Mycota Edited by K. Esser
Page 4 and 5: The Mycota A Comprehensive Treatise
Page 6 and 7: Karl Esser (born 1924) is retired P
Page 8 and 9: VIII Series Preface Class: Saccharo
Page 10 and 11: Addendum to the Series Preface In e
Page 14 and 15: XVI Volume Preface to the Second Ed
Page 16 and 17: XVIII Contents Reproductive Process
Page 18 and 19: XX List of Contributors André Flei
Page 20 and 21: Vegetative Processes and Growth
Page 22 and 23: 4 K.J. Boyce and A. Andrianopoulos
Page 40 and 41: 22 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. I
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Page 56 and 57: 38 S.D. Harris dle organization tha
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Page 60 and 61: 42 S.D. Harris terized in A. nidula
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44 S.D. Harris astral microtubules
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46 S.D. Harris entry, and the CDK N
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48 S.D. Harris and Hamer 1997), the
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50 S.D. Harris Murray AW (2004) Rec
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4 Apical Wall Biogenesis J.H. Siets
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fungi can be regarded as “tube-dw
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In agreement with an essential role
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Kopecka and Gabriel 1992). They als
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nearly all the label was present in
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ingredients such as wall components
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in membrane enlargement and exocyto
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sis occurs, coinciding with a gradi
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pling of two (1-3)-alpha-glucan seg
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Sietsma JH, Wessels JGH (1977) Chem
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5 The Fungal Cell Wall J.P. Latgé
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polymers (chitosan) and glucuronic
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Whereas the structural branched β1
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their structural role in the cell w
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eight chitin synthases of A. fumiga
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Characterization of the chs4 mutant
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Fig. 5.8. Experimental data and hyp
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Fig. 5.9. Elongation of the mannan
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end of linear β1,3 glucans, and tr
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Fig. 5.12. Signal transduction in f
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shock,lowosmolarityaswellasotherfac
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ditions. Accordingly, enzymes and r
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Calonge TM, Arellano M, Coll PM, Pe
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Hiura N, Nakajima T, Matsuda K (198
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Martin-Yken H, Dagkessamanskaia A,
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Saporito-Irwin SM, Birse CE, Sypher
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6 Septation and Cytokinesis in Fung
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Septation in Fungi 107 Table. 6.1.
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Fig. 6.1. Selection of a cell divis
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Calderone, Chap. 5, this volume, an
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permissive temperature, multiple se
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eports suggested such a function fo
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understood mechanism of mitotic exi
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Implication in cytokinesis in Sacch
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Trinci APJ, Morris NR (1979) Morpho
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124 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner ter
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126 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner 188
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128 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Fig
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130 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner sub
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132 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner dur
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134 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner G1
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136 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Bri
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138 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Mat
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8 Heterogenic Incompatibility in Fu
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Fungal Heterogenic Incompatibility
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B. Genetic Control The genetic back
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active phenotype het-s. The neutral
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Table. 8.1. (continued) Fungal Hete
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is a complex genetic trait controll
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indicate how speciation may be init
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ility controlled by multiple allele
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dependonthematingtypegenes,wasobser
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6. Relation with Histo-Incompatibil
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Semi-Incompatibilität. Z Indukt Ab
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Micali CO, Smith ML (2003) On the i
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Vilgalys RJ, Miller OK (1987) Matin
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168 B.C.K. Lu (Esser et al. 1980; K
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170 B.C.K. Lu enterthePCDpathway,wi
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172 B.C.K. Lu et al. 2004). It is l
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174 B.C.K. Lu (MMP), through ruptur
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176 B.C.K. Lu Fig. 9.1. Effects of
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178 B.C.K. Lu drial fission during
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180 B.C.K. Lu Although the cytologi
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182 B.C.K. Lu be arrested at diffus
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184 B.C.K. Lu Harris MH, Thompson C
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186 B.C.K. Lu oxygen species, in Kl
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10 Senescence and Longevity H.D. Os
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the amplification of plDNA is not a
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GRISEA is an orthologue of the yeas
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Fig. 10.3. Copper delivery to the c
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have been identified, for example,
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Kück U, Stahl U, Esser K (1981) Pl
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Signals in Growth and Development
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204 U. Ugalde II. Germination The p
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206 U. Ugalde Fig. 11.2.A-C Drawing
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208 U. Ugalde duction (Schimmel et
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210 U. Ugalde position, possibly in
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212 U. Ugalde Champe SP, Rao P, Cha
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12 Pheromone Action in the Fungal G
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sibly due to displacement of the hy
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all these compounds, the B-derivate
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shows the same activity in M. muced
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C. Oomycota In the non-mycotan phyl
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following sequence of events has be
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the standard Mendelian segregation
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Elliott CG, Knights BA (1981) Uptak
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constitutively transcribed but its
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234 L.M. Corrochano and P. Galland
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Reproductive Processes
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264 R. Fischer and U. Kües 2. Chla
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266 R. Fischer and U. Kües resourc
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268 R. Fischer and U. Kües ular le
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270 R. Fischer and U. Kües pathway
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272 R. Fischer and U. Kües and con
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274 R. Fischer and U. Kües Timberl
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276 R. Fischer and U. Kües PsiB le
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278 R. Fischer and U. Kües Table.
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280 R. Fischer and U. Kües tein ki
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282 R. Fischer and U. Kües nitroge
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284 R. Fischer and U. Kües tion, t
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286 R. Fischer and U. Kües Busch S
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288 R. Fischer and U. Kües Jeffs L
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290 R. Fischer and U. Kües Pöggel
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292 R. Fischer and U. Kües Yamashi
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294 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon tha
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296 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon loc
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298 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Tab
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300 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Fig
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302 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon mai
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304 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon mol
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306 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon gen
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308 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon int
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310 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Fig
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312 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon pro
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314 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon B.
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316 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon 2.
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318 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon in
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320 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon be
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322 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Lee
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16 Fruiting-Body Development in Asc
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phae originating from the base of a
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Table. 16.1. (continued) Fruiting B
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(Raju 1992). When male-sterile muta
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1. nsd (never in sexual development
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egular intervals; both effects requ
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the balance between sexual and asex
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ductionofeitherpheromoneisdirectlyc
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(Catlett et al. 2003). Eleven genes
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negative mutation of KREV-1 resulte
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through MAP kinase modules to cell-
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The fact that fruiting-body formati
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Balestrini R, Mainieri D, Soragni E
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point mutation of the beta subunit
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Mitchell TK, Dean RA (1995) The cAM
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YamashiroCT,EbboleDJ,LeeBU,BrownRE,
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358 L.A. Casselton and M.P. Challen
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376 M. Feldbrügge et al. different
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378 M. Feldbrügge et al. Fig. 18.3
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380 M. Feldbrügge et al. et al. 20
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382 M. Feldbrügge et al. for unbia
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384 M. Feldbrügge et al. In U. may
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386 M. Feldbrügge et al. Neurospor
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388 M. Feldbrügge et al. Bernards
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390 M. Feldbrügge et al. O’Donne
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19 The Emergence of Fruiting Bodies
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2003; Kües et al. 2004) are the fi
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(Manachère 1988), C. cinereus (Tsu
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emergence of fruiting bodies. In th
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Rather, development is arrested in
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10 nm thick is highly insoluble and
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it has been suggested that hydropho
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expression in the stipe suggests th
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Cooper DNW, Boulianne RP, Charlton
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Lu BC (1974) Meiosis in Coprinus. R
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Takagi Y, Katayose Y, Shishido K (1
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20 Meiosis in Mycelial Fungi D. Zic
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Fig. 20.1. A-E Diagrammatic represe
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etween dispersed DNA repeats. In N.
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Fig. 20.2. Meiotic recombination. S
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mechanism whereby homologues locate
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An important component of the bouqu
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observed when the mammal LE compone
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A. Chromosome and Sister-Chromatid
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ascus plus ascospore morphogenesis
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syndrome)discoveredasageneinvolvedi
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Kitajima TS, Kawashima SA, Watanabe
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Rossignol J-L, Faugeron G (1995) MI
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Biosystematic Index Absidia glauca
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violaceum 153 Microsporum 149 Mimos
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Subject Index ABC transporter 382 a
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fluffy 270, 276 formin 8, 10, 13, 1
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MAT protein interaction 308, 315 ma
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sporangiophore 234, 242, 246-252, 2
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