Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Vilgalys RJ, Miller OK (1987) Mating relationships within the Collybia dryophila group in Europe. Trans Br Mycol Soc 89:295–300 Weber H (ed) (1993) Allgemeine Mykologie. Fischer, Jena Webster RK, Nelson RR (1968) The genetics of Cochliobolus spiciferus. I. Genetic inhibition of perithecial and ascus formation. Can J Bot 46:197–202 Williams CA, Wilson JF (1968) Factors of cytoplasmic incompatibility. Neurospora Newslett 13:12 Wilson JF (1961) Microsurgical techniques for Neurospora. Am J Bot 48:46–51 Wilson JF (1963) Transplantation of nuclei in Neurospora crassa. Am J Bot 50:780 Wilson JF, Garnjobst L (1966) A new incompatibility locus in Neurospora crassa. Genetics 53:621–631 Wilson JF, Garnjobst L, Tatum EL (1961) Heterokaryon incompatibility in Neurospora crassa – microinjection studies. Am J Bot 48:299–305 Wong GJ (1993) Mating and fruiting studies of Auricularia delicata and A. fuscosuccinea. Mycologia 85:187–194 Fungal Heterogenic Incompatibility 165 Worall JJ (1997) Somatic incompatibility in basidiomycetes. Mycologia 89:24–36 Wu J, Glass NL (2001) Identification of specificity determinants and generation of alleles with novel specificity at the het-c heterokaryon incompatibility locus of Neurospora crassa. Mol Cell Biol 21:1045–1057 Xiang Q, Glass NL (2002) Identification of vib-1, a locus involved in vegetative incompatibility mediated by hetc in Neurospora crassa. Genetics 162:89–101 Xiang Q, Glass NL (2004) Chromosome rearrangement in isolates that escape from het-c heterokaryon incompatibility. Curr Genet 44:329–338 Xiang Q, Rasmussen C, Glass NL (2002) The ham locus, encoding a putative transmission protein, is required for hyphal fusion in Neurospora crassa. Genetics 160:169– 180 Yindeeyoungyeon W, Triratana S (1992) Hyphal interaction among dikaryotic pairings of Lentinula edodes.Micol Neotrop Apl 5:17–27
9 Programmed Cell Death in Fungi B.C.K. Lu 1 CONTENTS I. Introduction ......................... 167 II. Do Fungi Have Apoptosis, the Type I Programmed Cell Death? ................ 168 A. Apoptosis Is Induced by Expression of Heterologous Proapoptotic Genes . . . . 168 B. Apoptosis Is Induced byEnvironmentalStimuli ............ 169 C. Apoptosis Is Induced by Genetic Defects . 169 D. Cytological Phenotypes of Apoptosis . . . . 170 E. Caspase-LikeProteinsFound.......... 170 F. OtherRegulatorsofApoptosis......... 171 III. Heterokaryon Incompatibility ........... 172 IV. Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Apoptosis ........................ 172 V. Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, andRegulationofApoptosis............. 173 A. Role of Mitochondria in Apoptosis . . . . . 173 B. OxidativeStressinApoptosis.......... 174 C. Mitochondrial Respiration in Apoptosis . 175 D. Cytochrome c Release and Transmembrane Potentials inApoptosis....................... 176 E. Mitochondrial Fission and Apoptosis . . . 177 VI. AutophagyandtheTypeII Programmed Cell Death ................ 178 A. Autophagy Is a Cellular Recycling Program.......................... 178 B. AutophagicCellDeath(ACD) ......... 179 C. CytologicalPhenotypeofACD......... 179 D. Autophagic Cell Death andTissueRemodeling .............. 180 VII. Meiotic Apoptosis ..................... 180 VIII. Conclusion ........................... 182 References ........................... 182 I. Introduction Cell death may be classified into three main categories: autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. The first two are programmed and are genetically regulated, and the third is environmentally induced by physical or chemical injuries. Programmed cell death (PCD) was first described in multicellular 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Ontario, Canada metazoans as a developmental strategy whereby unwanted cells are removed to make way for new cellular remodeling and differentiation. PCD is also essential for the removal of diseased or physiologically and genetically defective cells (reviewed in Ellis et al. 1991; Jacobson et al. 1997; King and Cidlowski 1998; Vaux and Korsmeyer 1999; Ranganath and Nagashree 2001). The type I programmed cell death or apoptosis has been extensively studied initially in metazoans (reviewed in Kerr et al. 1972; Wyllie et al. 1980) and now in all organisms, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, mammals, plants and even yeasts and mycelial fungi (Hengartner 1997; Metzstein et al. 1998; Matsuyama et al. 1999; Ranganath and Nagashree 2001). It may be a caspase-dependent or -independent process, and its cytological hallmarks are well defined. The type II or autophagic cell death (ACD) is not as well defined; it is a lysosome-dependent and a caspaseindependent process, and it involves autophagy, vacuolization, and cell lysis (Bursch 2001). Research on PCD in fungi is quite recent. However, cell death due to heterogenic incompatibility has been documented earlier on in Podospora anserina (Rizet and Esser 1953), Neurospora crassa (Garnjobst and Wilson 1956; Perkins 1988), and other filamentous fungi (see review in Esser and Blaich 1973; Glass et al. 2000). For further reviews, see Chap. 8 by Esser, and Chap. 7 by Glass and Fleißner (this volume). Cell aging and senescence have also been documented in P. anserina (Rizet 1953; Esser and Keller 1976; reviewed in Esser and Tudzynski 1980) and other fungi (reviewed in Griffiths 1992; Osiewacz 1995; see also Hamann and Osiewacz, Chap. 10, this volume). Senescence is a progressive loss of growth. Visible symptoms are hyphal tip swelling and bursting associated with dark pigmentation that is expressed only shortly before death. At the molecular level in P. anserina, senescence is associated with a large number of circular plDNA that are spliced off from mtDNA The Mycota I Growth, Differentation and Sexuality Kües/Fischer (Eds.) © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
Page 2 and 3:
The Mycota Edited by K. Esser
Page 4 and 5:
The Mycota A Comprehensive Treatise
Page 6 and 7:
Karl Esser (born 1924) is retired P
Page 8 and 9:
VIII Series Preface Class: Saccharo
Page 10 and 11:
Addendum to the Series Preface In e
Page 12 and 13:
XIV Volume Preface to the First Edi
Page 14 and 15:
XVI Volume Preface to the Second Ed
Page 16 and 17:
XVIII Contents Reproductive Process
Page 18 and 19:
XX List of Contributors André Flei
Page 20 and 21:
Vegetative Processes and Growth
Page 22 and 23:
4 K.J. Boyce and A. Andrianopoulos
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
22 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. I
Page 42 and 43:
24 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. F
Page 44 and 45:
26 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. 2
Page 46 and 47:
28 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. M
Page 48 and 49:
30 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. a
Page 50 and 51:
32 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. t
Page 52 and 53:
34 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. H
Page 54 and 55:
36 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. T
Page 56 and 57:
38 S.D. Harris dle organization tha
Page 58 and 59:
40 S.D. Harris 2001; Borkovich et a
Page 60 and 61:
42 S.D. Harris terized in A. nidula
Page 62 and 63:
44 S.D. Harris astral microtubules
Page 64 and 65:
46 S.D. Harris entry, and the CDK N
Page 66 and 67:
48 S.D. Harris and Hamer 1997), the
Page 68 and 69:
50 S.D. Harris Murray AW (2004) Rec
Page 70 and 71:
4 Apical Wall Biogenesis J.H. Siets
Page 72 and 73:
fungi can be regarded as “tube-dw
Page 74 and 75:
In agreement with an essential role
Page 76 and 77:
Kopecka and Gabriel 1992). They als
Page 78 and 79:
nearly all the label was present in
Page 80 and 81:
ingredients such as wall components
Page 82 and 83:
in membrane enlargement and exocyto
Page 84 and 85:
sis occurs, coinciding with a gradi
Page 86 and 87:
pling of two (1-3)-alpha-glucan seg
Page 88 and 89:
Sietsma JH, Wessels JGH (1977) Chem
Page 90 and 91:
5 The Fungal Cell Wall J.P. Latgé
Page 92 and 93:
polymers (chitosan) and glucuronic
Page 94 and 95:
Whereas the structural branched β1
Page 96 and 97:
their structural role in the cell w
Page 98 and 99:
eight chitin synthases of A. fumiga
Page 100 and 101:
Characterization of the chs4 mutant
Page 102 and 103:
Fig. 5.8. Experimental data and hyp
Page 104 and 105:
Fig. 5.9. Elongation of the mannan
Page 106 and 107:
end of linear β1,3 glucans, and tr
Page 108 and 109:
Fig. 5.12. Signal transduction in f
Page 110 and 111:
shock,lowosmolarityaswellasotherfac
Page 112 and 113:
ditions. Accordingly, enzymes and r
Page 114 and 115:
Calonge TM, Arellano M, Coll PM, Pe
Page 116 and 117:
Hiura N, Nakajima T, Matsuda K (198
Page 118 and 119:
Martin-Yken H, Dagkessamanskaia A,
Page 120 and 121:
Saporito-Irwin SM, Birse CE, Sypher
Page 122 and 123:
6 Septation and Cytokinesis in Fung
Page 124 and 125:
Septation in Fungi 107 Table. 6.1.
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 6.1. Selection of a cell divis
Page 128 and 129:
Calderone, Chap. 5, this volume, an
Page 130 and 131: permissive temperature, multiple se
Page 132 and 133: eports suggested such a function fo
Page 134 and 135: understood mechanism of mitotic exi
Page 136 and 137: Implication in cytokinesis in Sacch
Page 138 and 139: Trinci APJ, Morris NR (1979) Morpho
Page 140 and 141: 124 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner ter
Page 142 and 143: 126 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner 188
Page 144 and 145: 128 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Fig
Page 146 and 147: 130 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner sub
Page 148 and 149: 132 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner dur
Page 150 and 151: 134 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner G1
Page 152 and 153: 136 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Bri
Page 154 and 155: 138 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Mat
Page 156 and 157: 8 Heterogenic Incompatibility in Fu
Page 158 and 159: Fungal Heterogenic Incompatibility
Page 160 and 161: B. Genetic Control The genetic back
Page 162 and 163: active phenotype het-s. The neutral
Page 164 and 165: Table. 8.1. (continued) Fungal Hete
Page 166 and 167: is a complex genetic trait controll
Page 168 and 169: indicate how speciation may be init
Page 170 and 171: ility controlled by multiple allele
Page 172 and 173: dependonthematingtypegenes,wasobser
Page 174 and 175: 6. Relation with Histo-Incompatibil
Page 176 and 177: Semi-Incompatibilität. Z Indukt Ab
Page 178 and 179: Micali CO, Smith ML (2003) On the i
Page 182 and 183: 168 B.C.K. Lu (Esser et al. 1980; K
Page 184 and 185: 170 B.C.K. Lu enterthePCDpathway,wi
Page 186 and 187: 172 B.C.K. Lu et al. 2004). It is l
Page 188 and 189: 174 B.C.K. Lu (MMP), through ruptur
Page 190 and 191: 176 B.C.K. Lu Fig. 9.1. Effects of
Page 192 and 193: 178 B.C.K. Lu drial fission during
Page 194 and 195: 180 B.C.K. Lu Although the cytologi
Page 196 and 197: 182 B.C.K. Lu be arrested at diffus
Page 198 and 199: 184 B.C.K. Lu Harris MH, Thompson C
Page 200 and 201: 186 B.C.K. Lu oxygen species, in Kl
Page 202 and 203: 10 Senescence and Longevity H.D. Os
Page 204 and 205: the amplification of plDNA is not a
Page 206 and 207: GRISEA is an orthologue of the yeas
Page 208 and 209: Fig. 10.3. Copper delivery to the c
Page 210 and 211: have been identified, for example,
Page 212 and 213: Kück U, Stahl U, Esser K (1981) Pl
Page 214 and 215: Signals in Growth and Development
Page 216 and 217: 204 U. Ugalde II. Germination The p
Page 218 and 219: 206 U. Ugalde Fig. 11.2.A-C Drawing
Page 220 and 221: 208 U. Ugalde duction (Schimmel et
Page 222 and 223: 210 U. Ugalde position, possibly in
Page 224 and 225: 212 U. Ugalde Champe SP, Rao P, Cha
Page 226 and 227: 12 Pheromone Action in the Fungal G
Page 228 and 229: sibly due to displacement of the hy
Page 230 and 231:
all these compounds, the B-derivate
Page 232 and 233:
shows the same activity in M. muced
Page 234 and 235:
C. Oomycota In the non-mycotan phyl
Page 236 and 237:
following sequence of events has be
Page 238 and 239:
the standard Mendelian segregation
Page 240 and 241:
Elliott CG, Knights BA (1981) Uptak
Page 242 and 243:
constitutively transcribed but its
Page 244 and 245:
234 L.M. Corrochano and P. Galland
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Reproductive Processes
Page 272 and 273:
264 R. Fischer and U. Kües 2. Chla
Page 274 and 275:
266 R. Fischer and U. Kües resourc
Page 276 and 277:
268 R. Fischer and U. Kües ular le
Page 278 and 279:
270 R. Fischer and U. Kües pathway
Page 280 and 281:
272 R. Fischer and U. Kües and con
Page 282 and 283:
274 R. Fischer and U. Kües Timberl
Page 284 and 285:
276 R. Fischer and U. Kües PsiB le
Page 286 and 287:
278 R. Fischer and U. Kües Table.
Page 288 and 289:
280 R. Fischer and U. Kües tein ki
Page 290 and 291:
282 R. Fischer and U. Kües nitroge
Page 292 and 293:
284 R. Fischer and U. Kües tion, t
Page 294 and 295:
286 R. Fischer and U. Kües Busch S
Page 296 and 297:
288 R. Fischer and U. Kües Jeffs L
Page 298 and 299:
290 R. Fischer and U. Kües Pöggel
Page 300 and 301:
292 R. Fischer and U. Kües Yamashi
Page 302 and 303:
294 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon tha
Page 304 and 305:
296 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon loc
Page 306 and 307:
298 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Tab
Page 308 and 309:
300 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Fig
Page 310 and 311:
302 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon mai
Page 312 and 313:
304 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon mol
Page 314 and 315:
306 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon gen
Page 316 and 317:
308 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon int
Page 318 and 319:
310 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Fig
Page 320 and 321:
312 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon pro
Page 322 and 323:
314 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon B.
Page 324 and 325:
316 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon 2.
Page 326 and 327:
318 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon in
Page 328 and 329:
320 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon be
Page 330 and 331:
322 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Lee
Page 332 and 333:
16 Fruiting-Body Development in Asc
Page 334 and 335:
phae originating from the base of a
Page 336 and 337:
Table. 16.1. (continued) Fruiting B
Page 338 and 339:
(Raju 1992). When male-sterile muta
Page 340 and 341:
1. nsd (never in sexual development
Page 342 and 343:
egular intervals; both effects requ
Page 344 and 345:
the balance between sexual and asex
Page 346 and 347:
ductionofeitherpheromoneisdirectlyc
Page 348 and 349:
(Catlett et al. 2003). Eleven genes
Page 350 and 351:
negative mutation of KREV-1 resulte
Page 352 and 353:
through MAP kinase modules to cell-
Page 354 and 355:
The fact that fruiting-body formati
Page 356 and 357:
Balestrini R, Mainieri D, Soragni E
Page 358 and 359:
point mutation of the beta subunit
Page 360 and 361:
Mitchell TK, Dean RA (1995) The cAM
Page 362 and 363:
YamashiroCT,EbboleDJ,LeeBU,BrownRE,
Page 364 and 365:
358 L.A. Casselton and M.P. Challen
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
376 M. Feldbrügge et al. different
Page 384 and 385:
378 M. Feldbrügge et al. Fig. 18.3
Page 386 and 387:
380 M. Feldbrügge et al. et al. 20
Page 388 and 389:
382 M. Feldbrügge et al. for unbia
Page 390 and 391:
384 M. Feldbrügge et al. In U. may
Page 392 and 393:
386 M. Feldbrügge et al. Neurospor
Page 394 and 395:
388 M. Feldbrügge et al. Bernards
Page 396 and 397:
390 M. Feldbrügge et al. O’Donne
Page 398 and 399:
19 The Emergence of Fruiting Bodies
Page 400 and 401:
2003; Kües et al. 2004) are the fi
Page 402 and 403:
(Manachère 1988), C. cinereus (Tsu
Page 404 and 405:
emergence of fruiting bodies. In th
Page 406 and 407:
Rather, development is arrested in
Page 408 and 409:
10 nm thick is highly insoluble and
Page 410 and 411:
it has been suggested that hydropho
Page 412 and 413:
expression in the stipe suggests th
Page 414 and 415:
Cooper DNW, Boulianne RP, Charlton
Page 416 and 417:
Lu BC (1974) Meiosis in Coprinus. R
Page 418 and 419:
Takagi Y, Katayose Y, Shishido K (1
Page 420 and 421:
20 Meiosis in Mycelial Fungi D. Zic
Page 422 and 423:
Fig. 20.1. A-E Diagrammatic represe
Page 424 and 425:
etween dispersed DNA repeats. In N.
Page 426 and 427:
Fig. 20.2. Meiotic recombination. S
Page 428 and 429:
mechanism whereby homologues locate
Page 430 and 431:
An important component of the bouqu
Page 432 and 433:
observed when the mammal LE compone
Page 434 and 435:
A. Chromosome and Sister-Chromatid
Page 436 and 437:
ascus plus ascospore morphogenesis
Page 438 and 439:
syndrome)discoveredasageneinvolvedi
Page 440 and 441:
Kitajima TS, Kawashima SA, Watanabe
Page 442 and 443:
Rossignol J-L, Faugeron G (1995) MI
Page 444 and 445:
Biosystematic Index Absidia glauca
Page 446 and 447:
violaceum 153 Microsporum 149 Mimos
Page 448 and 449:
Subject Index ABC transporter 382 a
Page 450 and 451:
fluffy 270, 276 formin 8, 10, 13, 1
Page 452 and 453:
MAT protein interaction 308, 315 ma
Page 454:
sporangiophore 234, 242, 246-252, 2
show all

Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?